Includes cell structure, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Animal cells and Plant cells, Cell Theory [history], specialised cells and stem cells.
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1. All Organisms are composed of one or more cells.
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2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms.
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3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
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Permeable Membrane:
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A membrane that lets everything through
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Semipermeable Membrane:
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A membrane that lets some/certain thing [materials] through
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Impermeable Membrane:
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A membrane that does not let things [materials] through
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Where cellular reactions take place
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Has a thick jelly-like structure
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Allows protein respiration in the [Mitochondria]
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Where Mitosis and Meiosis occurs
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Porus to let things through
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Rigid (100x thicker than the cell membrane)
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Maintains shape and protects cells
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Attaches to other cell walls to form strong structures (plants need to be strong but don't have skeletons)
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Golgi apparatus
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Port of the cell
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Where items are collected, packed and exported
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Receives proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum [rER]
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Modifies proteins by adding lipids or carbs or by changing shapes
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Sends proteins to damaged cell parts for recovery
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The lamella is the broad flat surface of a leaf. [The large surface area allows for maximum absorption of light.] The thin lamella also allows for light to get to deeper portions of the leaves.
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Thin cells in the upper epidermis allow sunlight to reach the mesophyll
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Palisade cells are packed with Chloroplasts. Have large vacuoles or stores.
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The spongy mesophyll have large air spaces between it's cells for gaseous exchange
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Xylem vessels start a series of plant cells. At a certain point the carbohydrate lignin forms within the cell walls. Lignin in impermeable. Living contents of the cell die; The end walls between the cells break down. Continuous tubes are formed.
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Group of cells with a common function.
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Note: Cells (similar) to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms
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The powerhouse of the cell
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Provides energy to all parts of the cell
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Where cellular respiration takes place
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[Glucose+O2=ATP+CO2] transports to other cells
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Skeleton of the cell
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Some cells can move using:
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Flagella: a few long whip-like structures outside the cells
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Cillia: Hundreds of short hairlike structures outside the cells
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Skeleton of the cell
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Some cells can move using:
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The powerhouse of the cell
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Provides energy to all parts of the cell
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Where cellular respiration takes place
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[Glucose+O2=ATP+CO2] transports to other cells
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Controls the cell
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Is the brain of the cell
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Contains DNA/Genetic Material
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Protective outer boundary of the cell.
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Allows materials like water and oxygen, does not allow harmful materials like carbon dioxide and waste products.
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Is permeable
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Egg cell + sperm cells = zygote (totipotent stem cells that divide and re-divide)
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Zygote - Embryo (the embryo can either divide, resulting in growth, or it can differentiate to different parts of the body.
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Embryonic Stem Cells: Puripotent (can be specialised into any different type of cell)
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Adult stem cells - Multipotent (they give rise to the same type of cells, like stem cells)
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In Leukemia abnormal white blood cells divide and re-divide to form a mass of cell tumour which block blood vessels
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Hemapoetic - Blood forming cells
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Xylem:
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Transports water from the roots to the leaves. Xylem has two main types of tissues. Hexagonal shapes.
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Phloem:
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Transports manufactured food from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Circular shapes.
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Both:
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Xylem and phloem are transport systems in vascular plants
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Does not contain ribosomes
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Does not contain proteins
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Produces lipids, cholesterol, etc.
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Breaks down toxic substances via detoxification
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Digestive part of the cell
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Has digestive enzymes
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Converts carbohydrates to glucose and proteins to amino acids
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Storage house of the cell
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Stores water, food, minerals, nutrients and waste products
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Plants have one
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Contains ribosomes
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Contains proteins
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Pack/enclose proteins in vesicles
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Transport substances within the cell
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Float in the cytoplasm
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Makes proteins
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Diffusion of/for water
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Prokaryote Cells:
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Pro stands for before, Karoyote stands for nucleus. Oldest cell type, small and simple, lack nucleus and organelles, single-celled, single circular chromosone. Membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body are absent. 70s Ribosomes. Pili present.
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Both:
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Have DNA, have ribosomes, have cytomplasms, have a plasma membrane, brane present
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Eukaryote Cells
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Eu stands for true, Karyote stands for nucleus (karyon). Evolved from prokaryotes, larger and more complex, contain nucleus and organelles, multicellular, multiple linear chromosones
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Regions where Lignin is not deposited
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Plant Cells:
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Having cell wall outside of the cell membrane, large fluid-filled vacuole. Have chloroplasts
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Animal Cells:
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Have cytoplasms, have nucleus, have cell membrane, lack vacuoles or only have a few in liver cells
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