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Chemistry
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Study of substances that make up the world and the changes they undergo
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Pseydoscience
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Process inv. the collection of info that is supported by belief or opinion
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Science
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Process inv. the collection of info that is supported by evidence
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Science is systematic, inv. collection of info and ideas, inv. obs. and experimentation, supp. by evidence
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Science relies on process, is objective, is updated constantly
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Pseudoscience lacks process, is subject, is resistant to new info (i.e. flat earters..)
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Scientific inquiry is the process of using obs, investigations, and exp. to learn about natural phenomena -> any testable questions about obs., importance on creativity
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Scientific question
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Based on obs. and is testable
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Most Q are based on obs.
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What is that? Why? How does it work? I wonder why..
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A good one
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narrow focus, unknown answer, addresses gap in knowledge, leads to a hypothesis that can be tested
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Non scientific question
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based on supernatural, opinion, rely on moral or social values
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Dependent variable
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Variable that is changed by another variable
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Independent variable
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The variable that you change
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Qualitative
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Obs/data that is not measured on numbers/precise measurements
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Quantitative
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Obs/data based on numbers/precise measurements
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Sc. Inquiry
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Process of using obs, inv., and exp. to learn about natural phenomena
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Conclusion
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Summary of the results
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Controlled exp.
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an exp. in which one variable is changed
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Control sample
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Sample in a controlled exp. with variables that don't change
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Exp. sample
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sample in a controlled exp. in which one variable changes
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Models
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Simple, idea, picture, equation, method, diagram -> visualizing exp. results
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Writing a lab report
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Question/Hypothesis -> materials -> procedure -> results/data -> analysis -> conclusion
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Skepticism
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Open minded knowledge in a certain area may be uncertain
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Bias
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Point of view influenced by opinion
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Scientific census
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General agreement along scientists on an idea
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How to develop sc. census?
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Communication! Publications (peer-reviewed), meetings/conferences, discuss findings (person/online)
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Databases
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Pubmed, NCBI, NHI, Google scholar
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Hypothesis
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Testable expl. of a sc. problem based on research and obs. (if/then). Must be testable, supported/refuted by data
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Theory
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Hypothesis or a group of rel. hypothesis as true based on obs. and repetitive exp., must be testable, req. many exp. and confirmed data to overturn/modify, can be used for predictions or explanations
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Law
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Statement of facts generally accepted to be true, describes relationships in nature, but does not prov. explanation; can be used to predict events/exp. results, support. by all obs. and data, doesn't
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How to work with a Hypothesis?
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Attempt to explain an obs. or answer a Q -> test it -> if support, then data will agree with it -> if refute, then data will not agree, redo procedure or hypothesis -> continue evaluating data
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Dalton's Atomic Theory
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all matter is comp. of atoms, atoms cannot be made/destroyed during chemical reactions, all atoms of an element are identical, different elements have diff. kinds of atoms, chemical reactions occur through rearrangement of atoms
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Atomic Theory
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Explains law of conservation of mass
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Reproducibility leads to reliability
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Theory must be supported by all evidence, other scientists should get similar results, all experiment must be reproducible
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MSDS (material safety data sheet)
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Describes properties, handling, and emergency procedures of a substance
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General safety practices
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Avoid lose clothes/hair, wear long sleeves/close toed shoes, do not drink/eat/chew gum, no jewelry, avoid contacts if possible, avoid clutter in lab
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Handling chemicals/equipment
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Use tongs/mitts for hot objects, label all containers, inspect equipment before use, dispose of all substances appropriately
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PPE (personal protective equipment)
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Eyes/face: safety goggles/shield, skin/clothing: lab coat/apron, hands: gloves
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Emergency equipment
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Fire extinguisher, eye wash, safety shower, first-aid kit
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Chemistry glass ware
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Beaker, flask, test tubes, graduated cylinder
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Handling glass ware
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check for breaks/chips, use tongs/holders
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Heating devices
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Bunsen brenner/alcohol burner, hot plate
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Use of chemicals
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Use clear/accurate labels, do not taste/smell/touch chemicals, use pipettes to transfer liquids, do not put liquids back into storage container, refer to MSDS for storage/disposal/handling
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Accident
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Stay calm, report, avoid danger, spill kit, help injured
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Cuts from broken glassware
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apply pressure/flush
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Chemical burns/irritations/heat burns
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remove heat source/put out fire
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Inhalation of toxic chemicals
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Get fresh air/report
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Chemicals in eyes
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Eye wash (10-15 mins), report
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Balance
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Measure mass
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Beaker
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Holds liquids
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Buret
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Used to deliver specific volume, i.e. titrate volumes
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Degrees Celsius
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Fahrenheit - 30 : 2 = ~ x C
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Graduated cylinder
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Measure volume of liquid
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SI
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International system of units, standard set of units used by all scientists
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Kelvin
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SI unit for temperature in science, 0 C = -273.15 K
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Kilogram
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SI Unit for mass
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Liter
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SI unit for volume
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Meter
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SI unit for distance
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inference
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logical conclusion made from observation
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Qualitative data
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non-numerical, descriptive - describes categories or characteristics of things
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Quantitative data
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numerical data that can be measured, data that is easy to analyze over graph or table, has units, always numbers
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Charts
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Used for qualitative data
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Tables
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Used for numerical data set in columns and rows
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Graphs
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Bar/line/pie, display data for analysis
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Labels
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for all parts of charts, tables, and graphs
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
