|
0
|
zero
|
10
|
dix
|
|
1
|
un
|
11
|
onze
|
|
2
|
deux
|
12
|
douze
|
|
3
|
trois
|
13
|
treize
|
|
4
|
quatre
|
14
|
quatorze
|
|
5
|
cinq
|
15
|
quinze
|
|
6
|
six
|
16
|
seize
|
|
7
|
sept
|
17
|
dix-sept
|
|
8
|
huit
|
18
|
dix-huit
|
|
9
|
neuf
|
19
|
dix-neuf
|
|
20
|
vingt
|
||
|
21
|
vingt et un
|
22
|
vingt-deux
|
|
30
|
trente
|
||
|
31
|
trente et un
|
32
|
trente-deux
|
|
40
|
quarante
|
||
|
41
|
quarante et un
|
42
|
quarante-deux
|
|
50
|
cinquante
|
||
|
51
|
cinquante et un
|
52
|
cinquante-deux
|
|
60
|
soixante
|
||
|
61
|
soixante et un
|
62
|
soixante-deux
|
|
70
|
soixante-dix
|
||
|
71
|
soixante et onze
|
72
|
soixante-douze
|
|
80
|
quatre-vingts
|
||
|
81
|
quatre-vingt-un
|
82
|
quatre-vingt-deux
|
|
90
|
quatre-vingt-dix
|
||
|
91
|
quatre-vingt-onze
|
92
|
quatre-vingt-douze
|
|
100
|
cent
|
||
|
101
|
cent un
|
102
|
cent deux
|
|
200
|
deux cents
|
||
|
201
|
deux cent un
|
202
|
deux cent deux
|
|
1000
|
mille
|
2000
|
deux mille
|
|
This, That, These, Those + Noun
|
|
|
Ce
|
Masc. Sing.
|
|
Cet
|
Masc. Sing. (w/vowel)
|
|
Cette
|
Fem. Sing.
|
|
Ces
|
Fem. & Masc. Plural
|
|
Translated as "Do," "Did," "Is," "Are"
|
|
|
Two Ways:
|
|
|
1) Est_ce que + Subject + Verb + end of sentence
|
|
|
2) Conjugated Verb + Subject +end of sentence
|
|
|
-3rd Person Singular: If the verb does not end with "-d" or "-i" you need to add "_ t _" between the verb and subject
|
|
English
|
French
|
Form
|
|
Who (subject)
|
qui
|
+ Verbs
|
|
Whom (direct object)
|
qui (no contraction)
|
+ Esc_ce que...
|
|
What (D.O.)
|
que/ qu' (w/vowel)
|
+ Esc_ce que...
|
|
Where
|
où
|
+ Esc_ce que...
|
|
When
|
quand/ à quelle heure
|
+ Esc_ce que...
|
|
Why
|
pourquoi
|
+ Esc_ce que...
|
|
How
|
comment
|
+ Esc_ce que...
|
|
How much
|
combien
|
+ Esc_ce que...
|
|
How many (+noun)
|
combien de (+noun)
|
+ Esc_ce que...
|
|
From where
|
d' où
|
+ Esc_ce que...
|
|
Avoir
|
Être
|
|
j' avais
|
j' étais
|
|
tu avais
|
tu étais
|
|
il avait
|
il était
|
|
nous avions
|
nous étions
|
|
vous aviez
|
vous étiez
|
|
ils avaient
|
ils étaient
|
|
1) The imp. is used to describe an action/event that was going on. The PC is used for the action that took place against that background and may be interrupted (we do not know if it ended).
|
|
|
Example
|
She was reading when he called
|
|
2) Imperfect is used after the conditional (if clause)
|
|
|
Example
|
He asked me if I understood
|
|
3) To describe a change of condition/in state of mind or a reaction/result to an event (big/dramatic change)
|
|
|
Example
|
It was hot and sunny that afternoon, we were on the beach and all of a sudden it rained
|
|
How?
|
|
|
1) Only with the 3 subject pronouns: Tu, Nous, and Vous. Conjugate your verbs normally in the present tense
|
|
|
2) Drop the "tu," "nous," and "vous." Drop the "s" for the Tu form of ER verbs or verbs conjugated like ER verbs
|
|
|
3) If negation, the "ne pas" goes around the verb as usual.
|
|
When?
|
|
|
- To combine two sentences or give clarifying information
|
|
|
Translation
|
Used For
|
|
That, Who
|
Persons
|
|
Which, Whom
|
Things
|
|
How?
|
|
|
- Qui (subject)/ Que (direct object) + rest of sentence
|
|
|
Agreement of Past Participle with the Auxiliary Avoir
|
|
|
- The past participle will agree in number and gender with the direct object of the D.O. is in front of the auxiliary.
|
|
|
*No agreement with "en" (direct object)
|
|
|
When?
|
|
|
- To express what would happen; if certain conditions existed: could
|
|
|
How?
|
|
|
Future stem + Imperfect endings (ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient)
|
|
All of a sudden
|
tout à coup
|
|
Suddenly
|
soudainement
|
|
Then
|
alors
|
|
When?
|
|
|
- To replace a place/location introduced by "à" or any other prepositions (sur, dans, devant, etc.)
|
|
|
- To replace "à + thing"
|
|
How?
|
|
|
Replaces Direct Object Pronouns
|
|
|
When?
|
|
|
Direct Objects introduced by 1) Partitive Articles, 2) Indefinite Articles, 3) Numbers, 4) Expressions of Quantity, 5) Objects of the Preposition "de" (de + thing/ de + infinitive)
|
|
- Compliments the Direct Object indirectly
|
||
|
When?
|
||
|
- It tells to whom or for whom an action is performed. When a person is the indirect object of a verb, you can use a preposition "à" to indicate the action is being done to that person.
|
||
|
For/To...
|
Him/Her
|
Lui
|
|
Them
|
Leur
|
|
|
Where?
|
||
|
The Indirect Object will be 1) In front of the conjugated verb, or 2) If conjugated verb and one infinitive, pronoun is between
|
||
|
Order
|
|
|
(1)Reflexive (2)Indirect (3)Direct (4)Y (5)En
|
|
|
Exception
|
|
|
If you have a combination of a direct object and an indirect object lui or leur, then the order is: (1)Direct Object (2)Lui/Leur
|
|
Verb
|
Ending
|
Translation
|
|
Je parl
|
e
|
I... speak/am speaking
|
|
Tu parl
|
es
|
You...
|
|
Il parl
|
e
|
He...
|
|
Nous parl
|
ons
|
We...
|
|
Vous parl
|
ez
|
You...
|
|
Ils parl
|
ent
|
They...
|
|
Infinitive ends in:
|
Case
|
|
-ger
|
Nous ending is: -eons
|
|
-cer
|
Nous ending is: -çons
|
|
-yer
|
"y" changes to "i" except for Nous and Vous
|
|
Verb
|
|
|
Acheter
|
Accent on "e" except for Nous and Vous
|
|
Verb
|
Ending
|
Translation
|
|
Je fin
|
is
|
I... finish/am finishing
|
|
Tu fin
|
is
|
You...
|
|
Il fin
|
it
|
He...
|
|
Nous fin
|
issons
|
We...
|
|
Vous fin
|
issez
|
You...
|
|
Ils fin
|
issent
|
They...
|
|
Verb
|
Ending
|
Translation
|
|
Je vend
|
s
|
I... sell/am selling
|
|
Tu vend
|
s
|
You...
|
|
Il vend
|
-
|
He...
|
|
Nous vend
|
ons
|
We...
|
|
Vous vend
|
ez
|
You...
|
|
Ils vend
|
ent
|
They...
|
|
English
|
French
|
|
as adjective as
|
aussi adj. que
|
|
more adj./ adj.-er than
|
plus adj. que
|
|
less adj. than
|
moins adj. que
|
|
ne... pas
|
does not
|
|
ne... jamais
|
never
|
|
ne... plus
|
no longer
|
|
ne... rien
|
nothing/anything
|
|
ne... personne
|
no one/anyone
|
|
English
|
French
|
Gender/Number
|
|
My
|
Ma
|
Fem. Sing.
|
|
Mon
|
Masc. Sing.
|
|
|
Mes
|
Plural
|
|
|
Your
|
Ta
|
F. S.
|
|
(s. inf.)
|
Ton
|
M. S.
|
|
Tes
|
Pl.
|
|
|
His/Her/Its
|
Sa
|
F. S.
|
|
Son
|
M. S.
|
|
|
Ses
|
Pl.
|
|
|
Our
|
Notre
|
F. & M. Sing.
|
|
Nos
|
Plural
|
|
|
Your
|
Votre
|
F. & M. Sing.
|
|
(pl./ formal)
|
Vos
|
Plural
|
|
Their
|
Leur
|
F. & M. Sing.
|
|
Leurs
|
Plural
|
|
Past Participle
|
Ending
|
Example
|
|
-ending in ER
|
é
|
jouer > joué
|
|
-ending in IR
|
i
|
finir > fini
|
|
-ending in RE
|
u
|
vendre > vendu
|
|
In, At, On, To, With (only in food context)
|
|
|
à la
|
Fem. Sing.
|
|
à l'
|
Vowel or H
|
|
au
|
Masc. Sing.
|
|
aux
|
Plural
|
|
From, About, Of
|
|
|
de la
|
Fem. Sing.
|
|
de l'
|
Vowel or H
|
|
du
|
Masc. Sing.
|
|
des
|
Plural
|
|
Je me
|
Nous nous
|
|
Tu te
|
Vous vous
|
|
Il se
|
Ils se
|
|
Reflexive
|
|
|
I wash myself
|
Je me lave
|
|
I wash my hair
|
Je me lave le cheveux
|
|
With Negation
|
|
|
I do not wash my hair
|
Je ne me lave pas les cheveux
|
|
If Reflexive Is Infinitive
|
|
|
I am going to brush my hair
|
Je vais me brosser les cheveux
|
|
Idioms That Are Always Reflexive
|
|
|
To have fun
|
s'amuser
|
|
To hurry
|
se dépêcher
|
|
To feel
|
se sentir (conjugated like servir, dormir, etc.)
|
|
To be bored
|
s'ennuyer
|
|
To use
|
se servir +de
|
|
To be called
|
s'appeler
|
|
To get mad
|
se fâcher
|
|
To take care of
|
s'occuper +de
|
|
To rest
|
se reposer
|
|
To go for a walk
|
se promener
|
|
To be located
|
se trouver
|
|
To meet
|
se rencontrer
|
|
To fight
|
se disputer
|
|
Special ER Verbs
|
|
|
Like achèter
|
Accent over "e" except Nous and Vous
|
|
Like s'appeler
|
Double the "l" except for Nous and Vous
|
|
Like s'ennvoyer
|
"y" becomes "i" except Nous and Vous
|
|
Reflexive In Past
|
|
|
Like the verbs in the house:
|
|
|
-auxiliary "to be"
|
|
|
-past participle agrees in number and gender (except if followed by a part of the body: direct object)
|
|
|
She washed herself
|
Elle s'est lavée
|
|
She washed her hair
|
Elle s'est lavé les cheveux
|
|
In the Past with Negation
|
|
|
Subject + ne + reflexive pronoun + to be + pas + past participle
|
|
|
I did not wash myself
|
Je ne me suis pas lavé
|
|
Translated as: "had"
|
|
|
-> First in order of events
|
|
|
How?
|
|
|
- Conjugate "avoir" or "être" in imperfect + past participle (needs to agree in number/ gender).
|
|
Yesterday
|
Hier
|
|
Last night
|
Hier soir
|
|
Last week
|
La samaine dernière
|
|
Last month
|
La mois dernière
|
|
Yesterday morning
|
Hier matin
|
|
Yesterday afternoon
|
Hier après-midi
|
|
One month ago
|
Il y a un mois
|
|
One week ago
|
Il y a une semaine
|
|
When?
|
|
|
- For any action that will take place in the future (shall, will, etc.)
|
|
|
- After:
|
|
|
quand/ lorsque
|
when
|
|
dès que/ aussitôt que
|
as soon as
|
|
How?
|
|
|
- Take the infinitive form of the verb + avoir endings (ai, as, a, ons, ez, ont).
|
|
|
- If the infinitive ends with an "e," then drop the "e"
|
|
|
- Note the irregular stems
|
|
|
Adjective
|
Translation
|
|
Petit
|
Small
|
|
Grand
|
Big
|
|
Joli
|
Pretty
|
|
Bon
|
Good
|
|
Mauvais
|
Bad
|
|
Beau
|
Beautiful
|
|
Nouveau
|
New
|
|
Vieux
|
Old
|
|
Masc. Sing.
|
Plural
|
Fem. Sing.
|
Plural
|
|
Beau/ Bel (w/vowel)
|
Beaux
|
Belle
|
Belles
|
|
Nouveau/ Nouvel (w/vowel)
|
Nouveaux
|
Nouvelle
|
Nouvelles
|
|
Vieux/ Vieil (w/vowel)
|
Vieux
|
Vieille
|
Vieilles
|
|
Fem. Sing.
|
+e
|
|
Fem. Pl.
|
+es
|
|
Masc. Sing.
|
+s
|
|
Irregular Feminine:
|
|
|
Long
|
Longue
|
|
Blanc
|
Blanche
|
|
Cher
|
Chére
|
|
Sérieux
|
Sérieuse
|
|
Favori
|
Favorite
|
|
Violet
|
Violette
|
|
What/ Which + Noun:
|
|
|
quel
|
Masc. Sing.
|
|
quel
|
Masc. Sing.
|
|
quels
|
Masc. Plural
|
|
quelle
|
Fem. Sing.
|
|
quelles
|
Fem. Plural
|
|
The Whole/ The Entire:
|
|
|
Tout(e)
|
Singular
|
|
tous
|
Masc. Plural
|
|
toutes
|
Fem. Plural
|
|
tous
|
Masc. Plural
|
|
All/ Each/ Every:
|
|
|
"To play"
|
Sport
|
|
Jouer + au, à la, aux
|
Sports w/ a ball
|
|
Faire + du, de la
|
Can be used w/ All sports
|
|
How?
|
|||
|
Conjugate your verb in present >the nous (1st Plural) form -ons then add the imperfect endings (ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient)
|
|||
|
When?
|
|||
|
1) To describe past continuous actions- what was going on, such as in: "I was walking"
|
|||
|
2) For past habitual/ repeated actions such as in: "We used to/would sail every day"
|
|||
|
3) For any descriptions of Time, Weather, Feelings/Emotions, Appearance
|
|||
|
4) 95% of time, certain verbs that denote a mental action/condition- emotional state rather than a physical state would be in imperfect.
|
|||
|
Mental Actions Verbs
|
|||
|
être
|
to be
|
savoir
|
to know
|
|
avoir
|
to have
|
connaître
|
to know
|
|
vouloir
|
to want
|
aimer
|
to like/love
|
|
pouvoir
|
can/able to
|
préférer
|
to prefer
|
|
croire
|
to believe
|
penser
|
to think
|
|
esperer
|
to hope
|
||
|
Verb
|
Present
|
Past
|
Imperfect
|
|
To rain
|
Il pleut
|
Il a plu
|
Il pleuvait
|
|
To snow
|
Il neige
|
Il a neige
|
Il neigeait
|
|
To Freeze
|
Il gèle
|
Il a gelé
|
Il gelait
|
|
Translation: "To Know"
|
|
|
Use Connaître:
|
|
|
1) When you know in the sense of "Be familiar" or "Be acquainted" with someone, something, or a place (no learning process needed).
|
|
|
Use Savoir:
|
|
|
1) When you know a specific fact because you learned, memorized, or researched it.
|
|
|
2) To translate: "To know how to"
|
|
|
3) When the verb "To know" is followed immediately by a clause.
|
|
Masc. Country
|
Fem. Country
|
City
|
|
|
In/To
|
au, aux
|
en
|
à
|
|
From
|
du, des
|
de, d'
|
de
|
|
Used to express an action or interaction between two or more people. They can be either a direct object or an indirect object.
|
|
|
How?
|
|
|
Use the reflexive pronouns: me, te, se, nous, vous, and se. Conjugate the verb regularly.
|
|
|
- Example:
|
They write each other
|
|
Ils s' écrivent
|
|
|
In past tense, make the usual agreement (with the reflexive pronoun).
|
|
|
- Exceptions:
|
|
|
1) If Direct Object follows the past participle > no agreement
|
|
|
2) If the verb is followed by "à" (intransitive) > no agreement
|
|
|
When?
|
|
|
When you do not do the action yourself, you have someone or something else do it for you.
|
|
|
How?
|
|
|
* Faire (conjugated in the appropriate tense) + Infinitive of the main verb.
|
|
|
* Pronoun always in front of faire
|
|
|
* In PC, the past participle does not agree with the D.O.
|
|
Senario
|
Result Clause
|
|
Si + Present
|
Must be in Present or Future
|
|
- Certain Fact
|
- What will happen
|
|
Si + Imperfect
|
Must be in Conditional
|
|
- *If a condition existed
|
- What would/could happen (Doubtful)
|
|
aller
|
j'allais, tu allais, il/elle allait, nous allions, vous alliez, ils/elles allaient
|
|
avoir
|
j'avais, tu avais, il/elle avait, nous avions, vous aviez, ils/elles avaient
|
|
faire
|
je faisais, tu faisais, il/elle faisait, nous faisions, vous faisiez, ils/elles faisaient
|
|
pouvoir
|
je pouvais, tu pouvais, il/elle pouvait, nous pouvions, vous pouviez, ils/elles pouvaient
|
|
venir
|
je venais, tu venais, il/elle venait, nous venions, vous veniez, ils/elles venaient
|
|
voir
|
je voyais, tu voyais, il/elle voyait, nous voyions, vous voyiez, ils/elles voyaient
|
|
me
|
mes
|
|
te
|
you (sing.)
|
|
le/la
|
it/him/her
|
|
nous
|
we
|
|
vous
|
you (pl. or formal)
|
|
les
|
them
|
|
- All pronouns (except stressed: moi, toi, lui, nous, vous, eux, elles) go in front of the verb (present/PC)
|
|
|
*Never separate verb and pronouns
|
|
|
- If you have a conjugated verb and an infinitive, the pronoun(s) goes between the conjugated verb and the infinitive
|
|
|
- In past, pronoun goes before the auxiliary
|
|
|
- me, te, le/la + vowel or h, becomes m', t', and l' respectively
|
|
No comments yet.
Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
