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Chemical Level
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Atoms combine to form molecules.
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Cell Level
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Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells.
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Tissue Level
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A group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.
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Organ Level
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Two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.
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Organ System Level
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A group of organs classified as one unit because of a common function/set of functions.
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Organism Level
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Any living thing considered as a whole.
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Organization
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The scientific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
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Metabolism
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The ability to use energy to perform vital functions.
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Responsiveness
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The ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life.
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Growth
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Refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism.
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Development
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Changes an organism undergoes through time.
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Reproduction
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Formation of new cells or new organisms.
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Negative Feedback
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Positive Feedback
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Serves to reduce an excess response and keep a variable within the normal range.
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Serves to intensify a response until endpoint is reached.
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The response stops the effector.
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The response keeps the reaction going.
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Ex. Temperature & blood pressure regulation
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Ex. Childbirth & blood clotting
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Anatomical position
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A person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
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Supine position
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When a person is lying face upward
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Prone position
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When a person is lying face downward
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Anterior/Ventral
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Front of the body
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Posterior/Dorsal
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Back of the body
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Superior/Cranial
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Towards the top
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Inferior/Caudal
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Towards the bottom
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Proximal
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Towards the trunk
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Distal
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Further from the trunk
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Medial
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Structures toward the midline
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Lateral
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Structures farther away from the midline
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Sagittal Plane
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Divides the body into left and right sides (vertically)
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Median Plane/Mid-Sagittal Plane
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Passes through the midline of the body; divides the body into left and right halves
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Parasagittal Plane
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Parallel to the sagittal plane, but off to one side
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
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Divides the body into front and back (vertically)
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Transverse/Horizontal Plane
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Divides the body into top and bottom (horizontally)
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Axial Parts
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Head, neck, and trunk
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Appendicular Parts
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Arms and legs (upper & lower limbs)
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Thoracic cavity
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It is surrounded by the rib cage, separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm, and is divided into right and left parts by a median structure called mediastinum.
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Abdominal cavity
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Bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and the kidneys.
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Pelvic cavity
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A small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
