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Risk factors & causes:
- Smoking & 2nd hand smoking - Exposure to industrial carcinogens & air pollution, scarring from previous lung disease, FHx & past cancer treatment - Age - UK: 8/10 cases occurring people aged 60+ |
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Signs & symptoms:
- Difficulty breathing - Coughing up blood - Chest pain - Loss of appetite - Weight loss - Fatigue - Having a cough most of the time - Change in a cough you have had for a long time - SOB - Ache or pain when breathing or coughing - Hoarseness |
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Types:
- Small cell lung cancers - Non-small cell lung cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma |
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Stages of non-small cell lung cancer:
- Occult (hidden) - Stage 0 - Stage I - Stage II - Stage III - Stage IV |
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Treatments:
- Standard treatments: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), cryosurgery, electrocautery, watchful waiting - New treatments: chemoprevention, radiosensitizers, new combinations - Treatment for non-small cell lung cancer may cause side effects - Pts may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial - Pts can enter clinics trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment - Follow-up tests may be needed |
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Small cell lung cancer:
- Grows faster - Spreads faster - 70 of people with SCLS will have cancer that has already spread at the time they're diagnosed - Tends respond well to chemotherapy & radiotherapy - Recurrence |
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Other types:
- Metastatic cancer - Pleural mesothelioma |
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Develop frommucosa &may end upon invasive lesion
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Colonoscopy to find polyps (different types), occur in families, 5 stages
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Stage I localised, grow into colon & through the wall of colon leading reach lymphatics & blood vessels, may be distributed into other organs through lymphatics, the more distal the higher chance of cancer (also easier to reach and diagnose)
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Change of lifestyle, avoiding types of food
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Pathology:
- Inflammatory disorders - Benign tumours of the breast - Malignant tumours of the breast |
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Acute mastitis (not cancer):
- Complication of lactation, local pain, swelling, hardening, tenderness, redness - Fissures or abrasions of the nipple enable entry of staphylococci - Abscesses |
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Fibrocycstic change:
- Pre-menopausal women, lumps - Fibrosis - Cyst formation - Adenosis - Sclerosing adenosis - Epithelial hyperplasia, increased riskier cancer |
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Benign breast tumours:
- Fibroadenoma: commonest, single tumour, young women, firm mobile lump - 25 of normal breasts at autopsy - Package 20-30 - More common in African American women - Multiple in -15-20 - Most growth arrested by 2-3cm; may reach >10cm - Spontaneous infarction - pregnancy/lactation - Reports of regression 20-25 |
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Carcinoma of the breast:
- Commonest malignancy in women - Rarely occurs in men - Upper outer quadrant - Uncommon before 30s - Risk increases with age & after menopause - Genetics - Commoner in nulliparous women - Early menarche & late menopause - Breast feeding reduces risk |
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Carcinoma of the breast: [cntd]
- Infiltrating ductal carcinoma - commonest form - firm to hard lump - peau d'orange - nipple retraction - tumour fixed to underlying muscle |
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Risk factors:
- Race (African American), FHx, High testosterone - Age - Saturated fat diet - Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) - Genome changes |
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Signs & symptoms:
- More frequent ruination (during night) - Difficulty starting to urinate - Taking a long time to urinate or a weak flow urine - Blood in your ruiner semen - Back pain, hip pain or pelvis pain - Unexplained weight loss |
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Can be diagnosed early
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