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Psychology
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Study of Mind and Behavior
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Mean
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Average Score
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Median
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Value in the Middle
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Mode
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Occurs Most Frequently
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Positive (+) - Graph: line goes up
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same mean, median, mode
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Negative (-) - Graph lines goes down
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different mean, median, mode
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Neurotransmitters
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are chemicals of various kinds that travel across the synaptic gap to the next neuron, allowing the cells to talk
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Neuroscience
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studies the relationship between mental/brain activity
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Behavioral Neuroscience
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approach to psyc links psychological processes activities in nervous systems & other bodily processes
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Synapse
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the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another
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Three Ways Neurotransmitters Cleared from a Synapse
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1) Via Auto Receptors
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2) Reuptake
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3) Enzyme Deactivation
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Action Potential
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electrical signal that travels the length of an axon to a synapse
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Resting Potential
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the diff. in electrical charge between the inside of a neuron's cell membrane
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Stimulus
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sensory input from the environment
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Reaction Time
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amt of time to response to a specifc stimulus
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Myelin
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a type of fatty tissue, covers sections of the axons of some neurons, assisting in the rapid transmission of signals through the axon
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Reliable
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if an instrument can attain the same measurement repeatedly when measuring the same thing
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Validity
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the degree to which an external even reflects a concept or idea
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PNS: Peripheral Nervous System
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1) Somatic Nervous System - comm. info. between voluntary muscles&CNS involved in coordinating beh.
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2) Autonomic Nervous System - comm. info automatically to blood vessels, organs, and glands
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Ions
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charges particles
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Self-Selection
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problem occurs when anything about a person determines inclusion in a group
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Representing Data
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1) Graphic Representation - picturing
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2) Descriptive Stats - discussing
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Measures of Variability
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1) Range: largest value - smallest value = range
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2) Standard Deviation: how much an avg. the scores differ from the mean
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Variables
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Independent - being manipulated
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Dependent - measured
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Third Variable Problem
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2 variables are correlated only bc each is casually related to a 3rd variable
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Groups
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Experimental - exposed to manipulation
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Control - not exposed
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Experimental Tools
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1) Manipulation - changing a variable to determine its casual power
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2) Random Assignment - away of eliminating biases or uneven levels of third variables in the experimental and control groups
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Double Blind
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neither observer nor participate knows the true nature of the study
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Demand Characteristics
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can keep people from behaving naturally in an observational setting
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Before we measure something ...
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we must define it.
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To the degree that an instrument can detect minute variation in magnitude that instrument has
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power
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ForeBrain
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* Supports high-order cognition & emotion
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2 Main Divisions:
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1) Cerebral Cortex - outer area of the brain
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2) Subcortical Structures - housed under the cortex at the center of the brain
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HindBrain
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* Coordinates info entering&exiting the spinal cord
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* Controls basic functions of life: respiration, alertness, motor skills
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* Composed of sections: the medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, and the pons
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MidBrain
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* Relatively small in humans
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* Consisting of 2 mains parts - Tectum & Tegmentum: both orient you to stimuli in environment
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Pituitary
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Master Hormone Gland
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Amygdala
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Deals with Emotion & Emotional Memories
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Motor Cortex
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Front Lobe
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Somatosensory Cortex
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Parietal Lobe
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Corpus Callosum
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Thick band nerve fibers connects large areas of cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
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Regulate body temp., hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
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Hippocampus
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Help create new memories and sends them to other parts of the cortex
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Thalamus
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Takes in info. from all the major senses - except smell
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Structional
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Functional
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1) Computerized Axial Tomography (CT)
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1) Position Emission Tomography (PET)
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2) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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2) functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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3) Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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Mind
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the private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, feelings
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Cultural Psyc
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the study of how cultures reflect&shape the psyc processes of their members
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Social Psyc
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the study of the causes&consequences of sociality
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Evolutionary Psyc
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a psyc approach that explains minds&beh. in terms of adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
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Cognitive Psyc
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computer & human mind ---> register, store, retrieve info. ---> parallel/similar
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Physiology
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the study of biological processes
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Behaviorism
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observable actions of human beings & animals
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Clinical Psyc
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came out of medicine
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- Most PhDs in Psyc
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Idealism
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objects perceived existences dependent upon the activity of a mind
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Realism
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matter as the objects of perception is basic & exists independent of the perceiver
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Hysteria
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physical ailments w/out apparent cause
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Humanistic Psyc-gist
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1) Abraham Maslow
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2) Carl Roger
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Marie Flourens
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1794-1867
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removed areas from the brains of various animals & realized that their beh. differed from those of unaltered animals
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Rene Decrates
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12th century Frenchman
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Dualism - mind/brain fundamentally diff. substances
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Donald BroadBent
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1st to study attention
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Kurt Lewin
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early 20th century
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recognized the stimulus response model wasn't enough
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personal view/experience the response of a stimulus
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Karl Lashley
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20th century
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recorded how rats learned to run mazes and then removed parts of their brain and tested them against to see of they could still run the maze
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Wundt
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Introspection
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subjective observation of one's own experience
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Structuralism
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analysis of basic elements that constitute the mind
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William James
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philosopher
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human beh. can teach us about the human mind
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Functionalism
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Consciousness - subjective experience of world&mind
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Greek Thinkings
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Phil. Position
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Plato: Nativism - innate traits
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Aristotle: Empiricism - knowledge through experience
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Thomas Hobbs
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17th Century Brit
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mind is what brain does
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G. Stanley Hall
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studied education&human development
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Helmholtz
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physicist & physiologist
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measured stimulus & response time
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studied speed of nerves in frogs
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Gestalt Psyc
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emphasizes how the mind takes pieces of an experiences&integrates them into a single, or unified form
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John Watson
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1st to really work out the LIMITS OF BEHAVIOR
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Animal behaviorist
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Humans don't have mind
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BF Skinner
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writer ---> psychologist
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Skinner Boxes -> Rats -> Food (Reinforcements) -> results (training)
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Ebbinghaus
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nonsense syllabus -> storage device -> no connection to life experience
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Sigmund Freud
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medical Dr. associated w/
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Psychoanalysis - a process to uncover unconscious problems that might drive conscious beh.
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Noam Chomsky
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behaviorist model could NOT account for language in children
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shows the blinding effect of human stubbornness
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Ivan Pavlov
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19th Century Physiologist
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noticed in his study of canine digestion, that dogs salivated not only when they saw their food, but eventually at the sight of their master who would feed them.
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Paul Broca
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19th century French Surgeon
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Localization of Function - specific functions linked to specific brain areas
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Franz Gall
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18th & 19th century
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Phrenology - defunct theory: memory - happiness, localized areas of the brain
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