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- Hollow rod-like structures made of the protein tublin
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- grow from the centrosome
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- serve as structural support for the movement of organelles that are interacting with motor proteins
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- assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division
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- cilia and flagella
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Thin solid rods made of the protein actin
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Maintain cell shape
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Bear tension
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Assist in muscle contraction and cell motility
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Actin works with another protein called myosin to cause a contraction
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Division of animal cells
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Contractile ring of the cleavage furrow
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Fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits
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Permanent structural elements of cells
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Not assembled and broken down at the rate of microtubules and microfilaments
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Maintain cell shape
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Anchor nucleus and organelles
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Form the nuclear lamina
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Lines the nuclear envelope
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active transport
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passive transport
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movement of molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration
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he movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
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need energy
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need NO energy
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endocytosis: the cell uses energy to take in macromolecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane
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plays a primary role in the import of materials and the export of wastes
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phagocytosis-cell takes in large particles
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diffusion-movement of molecules from high con to low con
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pinocytosis- cell takes in extracellular fluid containing dissolved subsances
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small nonpolar molecules pass freely (N2,O2,CO2)
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receptor- mediated endocytosis receptor proteins on the cell membrane
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Facilitated diff- from high con to low con through transport proteins
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exocytosis requires energy to move large molecules out of the cell (signal proteins, hormones, waste)
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Isotonic
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Hypertonic
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Hypotonic
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balanced
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Lack of water
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Too much water
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A physical property that predicts the direction water will flow
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Includes the effects of solute concentration and physical pressure
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Plasma membrane
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- Phospholipid
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- Phosphate group
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- Glycerol
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- Hydrophilic head
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- Hydrophobic tails
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- Phospholipids are amphipathic
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the ability of membranes to regulate the substances that enter and exist
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- Hydrophilic heads oriented toward aqueous environment
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- Hydrophobic tails are facing inwards away from aqueous environment
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membrane is held together by weak hydrophobic interactions and can therefore move and shift
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- Cholesterol
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- Temperature affects fluidity
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- Helps maintain fluidity at high and low temps
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- Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails help maintain fluidity at low temps
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- High temp: reduces movement
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- Low temp: reduces tight packing of phospholipids
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- Mosaic: comprised of many macromolecules
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- Integral proteins
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- Peripheral proteins
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Proteins that are embedded into the lipid bilayer
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- Proteins that are not embedded into the lipid biolayer
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Also known as transmembrane proteins
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Loosely bonded to the surface
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Amphipathic
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Glycolipids
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Glycoproteins
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Carbohydrates bonded to lipids
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Carbohydrates bonded to proteins
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Most abundant
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Plant
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Animal
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Golgi vesicles (trafficking, profcessing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane, proteins and lipids)
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Golgi vesicles
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ribosome (read mRNA and transplates)
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ribosome
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smooth ER (synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids)
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smooth ER
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nucleolus (inside)
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nucleolus (inside)
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nucleus
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nucleus
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Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
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Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
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large central vacuole
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X
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amyloplast (Starch grain)
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X
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cell wall
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X
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cell membrane
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cell membrane
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golgi apparatus (transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids to vesicles)
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golgi apparatus
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chloroplast (produce energy through photosynthesi)
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X
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vacuole membrane
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X
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mitochondrion (generates ATP)
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mitochondrion
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cytoplasm (medium for chemical reaction)
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cytoplasm
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X
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lysosomes
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plastid (stores pigment)
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X
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
