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Geo affected pol organisation and rulership
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Poor roads + forests = limited contact to communities
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Family units→political units
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Great Euro fams invested in fam history, traditions, records
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c800-1000 New fams won power thru warfare
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Warfare + marriage = 🗝 expansion and consolidation of pwr
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Genealogical rolls v popular
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Family legend for others' perception of fam
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ie Song of Roland (Charlemagne's reign)
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→abt Roland & other Frankish warriors at Battle of Roncevaux 778
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Literary re-imagining incl. Muslims as enemy
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Probably composed between c.1040-1115
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Personnel involved in running kingdom
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Start of 12th century: small admin
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Differed kingdom to kingdom:
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→England: closely governed
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→Less governed - admin issues charters & collect small tax
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Even Eng had small perm admins in early 12th cent
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Count Fulk Rechin (end of 11th cent) recorded achvmnts of ancestor Fulk Nerra
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Military expans continued in Anjou late 10th cent and first half of 11th
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Process of encroachment:
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1. secure foothold (marriage, warfare, purchase, force/fraud)
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2. good rship w/ church
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3. establish castle
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4. wait for opportunity (victory in battle, enemy away, minority rule)
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Change by mid-11th cent.
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territorial units of counties establshd
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small pwr blocs abutting each other
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dvlpmnt of law & stable pol rather than expans
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Counts needed admin & staff to gvrn + exploit resources
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By end of 11th cent. more docs requiring standing staff rather than ad hoc emplymnt
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From early 12th cent, sec powers employed masters from great schools (like uni)
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Violence→comital authority
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God→royal authority
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Coronation rites degraded position of count (though counts were often more powerful than king of France)
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Ecclesiastical rites by clergy:
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Anointed with holy oil
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Invested w/ ring and staff
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Invested w/ sword and sceptre
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10th century kings could style selves as Vicars of Christ
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Derived right to rule from lineage - recounted memories of predecessors for legitimacy
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Model for German emps: Charlemagne
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1. Defend the people
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2. Keep the peace
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3. Protect the Church
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4. Enforce justice, punish criminals
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5. Lead (and win) military campaigns
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6. Display military prowess and valour
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Warfare🗝noble identity
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Pre10th cent warriors:$ thru plundering
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Post10th century, other ways to get $
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Warfare unreliable for pol policy
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Marriage🗝method pol policy
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Henry I married English princess
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Strategic marriages good!
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Rested on
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→ability to recruit & lead armies
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→role as supreme judge
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John of England failed
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→lost most of Angevin and exploited his barons
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Rulers bound by old law
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→subjects could rebel and force king to obey law
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→Right of resistance couldn't be repealed
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→invoked against King John
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Despite hallowed status of old law, new law was created
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Announcement of new law codes:
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→Roger II of Sicily
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→Frederick II
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Kings of Sicily - peak royal auth
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English kings - control of court
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German kings delegated auth to bishops - power to princes
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French kings: justice in royal domain, not outside
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