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Monasticism: Poverty, Chastity, Obedience
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St. Benedict of Nursia: 6th cent, influential
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Long night office
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7 daily offices
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Social Function:
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3 types recruits: Mature laymen, clerics, noble children
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Most recruits = noble children
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Lay foundations & donations = v important
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Communities of monks needed to perform heavy penances
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Peak of Benedictine life
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Abbot Odilo (r. 994-1049)
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respected & powerful
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c.1100
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diversification of religious orders
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12th & early 13th century
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new orders forming
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Formation of new orders
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protest against old orders
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12th century
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Rise of individual spirituality
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Monks unhappy w/ perceived decadence of Benedictines
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New orders:
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Augustinian, Cistercians
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Augustine's advice
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Pray together
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Obedience to superior
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Hold possessions in common
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Small churches, close to towns
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Augustinian: engaged w/ world
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Benedictine: secluded
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Fled from society
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Rigorous life:
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aggressive pursuit of religious ideal
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Return to primitive Benedictine Rule
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1115:
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Cistercian Order expanded.
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Bernard asked to lead in foundation of Clairvaux monastery.
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Abbot of Clairvaux in mid20s
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High profile
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Enthusiasm & ability
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Drawn into politics, esp. papacy
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Cistercians expanded rapidly:
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Rejected tithes, rents, services, church profits Augustinians relied on
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Refused: perform masses, confessions, burials
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Land only for agriculture & full possession
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Removed selves from towns
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Conversi (lay brothers) = basis for economy
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20 Aug 1153
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Bernard died
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338 Cist abbeys (68 direct foundations of Clairvaux)
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Relatively few women religious
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England, 1066:
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13 religious houses for women, 50 for men
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1154:
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60 for women, 500 for men
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Double monasteries
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Groups of nuns w/ groups of monks
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