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Risk Factors
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Postmenopausal women and men age >50 years if there is a history of ≥4cm height loss, kyphosis, recent or current long-term oral glucocorticoid therapy, or a Bone Mineral Density (BMD) T-score ≤ -2.5.
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Fracture probability in all those at #risk
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Anyone with the ^ risk factors should undergo a FRAX assessment (evaluate a patient’s 10-year probability of hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture)
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For Intermediate Fracture probability
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In individuals at intermediate risk, bone mineral density (BMD) measurement should be performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (a small amount of radiation to take pictures of different bones. These pictures are used to measure the density of the bones at the spine, hip, and forearm)
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800IU cholecalciferol
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Calcium
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Vitamin D
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Weight-bearing exercise
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Falls
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Hip Protectors
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Stopping smoking, Reducing alcohol intake
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Athletes have a 25% greater BMD than simply active people, and that active people have a 30% higher BMD compared to inactive people
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Physical activity during early age was more strongly associated with higher BMD at all sites than was physical activity in the past two years
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High-intensity resistance training may have added benefits for decreasing fracture risks by improving strength and balance
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Exercise should focus on strengthening back extension and may include weighted and unweighted prone position, extension exercises, isometric contraction of the paraspinal muscles and careful loading of the upper extremities
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