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order
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reproduction
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growth and development
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energy processing
|
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regulation
|
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response to the environment
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|
evolutionary adaptation
|
|
DNA
|
|
|
|
nucleus
|
|
|
|
cell membrane
|
|
|
|
cell wall
|
|
|
|
cytoplasm
|
|
|
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
|
organisms
|
bacteria
|
plants, animals, fungi, protists
|
|
monomer
|
beads
|
|
polymers
|
necklace
|
|
dehydration
|
create necklace, water produced
|
|
hydrolysis
|
take necklace apart, water consumed
|
|
monomer
|
monosaccharide
|
|
polymer
|
polysaccharide
|
|
bonded by
|
covalent bonds
|
|
purpose
|
energy and storage
|
|
ETC
|
hydrophilic
|
|
mono
|
di
|
poly
|
|
glucose
|
lactose
|
starch
|
|
fructose
|
sucrose
|
glycogen
|
|
galactose
|
maltose
|
cellulose
|
|
chitin
|
|
plants
|
animals
|
|
|
energy storage
|
starch
|
glycogen
|
|
structure
|
cellulose
|
chitin
|
|
maltose
|
glucose + glucose
|
|
sucrose
|
glucose + fructose
|
|
lactose
|
glucose + galactose
|
|
cellulose
|
glucose
|
|
starch
|
glucose
|
|
glycerol (lipids)
|
ALL fatty acids
|
|
glycogen (polysaccharide)
|
Jenna needs energy, made of glucose
|
|
glucagon (protein)
|
sugar in the blood is GONE
|
|
What structural protein is secreted outside of cells making up 40% of the protein in your body?
collagen
|
|
Type 1
|
insulin isn't produced, beta pancreatic cells damaged
|
|
Type 2
|
insulin/glucose receptors not working
|
|
What kind of materials can travel through membrane passively?
Non-polar molecules and water.
|
|
Why can steroid hormones pass through membranes?
non-polar
|
|
atom
|
organ system
|
|
molecule
|
organism
|
|
organelle
|
population
|
|
cell
|
community
|
|
tissue
|
ecosystem
|
|
organ
|
biosphere
|
|
monomer
|
fatty acids, glycerol
|
|
polymer
|
none
|
|
purpose
|
long-term energy storage
|
|
ETC
|
hydrophobic
|
|
monomer
|
amino acids (different R groups)
|
|
polymer
|
polypeptide, enzyme
|
|
bonded by
|
peptide bonds
|
|
ETC
|
shape determines function
|
|
primary
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chain (covalent bonds)
|
|
secondary
|
alpha helix, beta sheet (hydrogen bonds)
|
|
tertiary
|
3D shape
|
|
quarternary
|
multiple chains
|
|
stroma
|
thick fluid
|
|
thylakoid
|
chips
|
|
granum
|
stack
|
|
microtubules
|
microfilaments
|
intermediate filaments
|
|
|
structure
|
straight, hollow tubes
|
solid rods
|
supercoiled cables
|
|
protein subunit
|
tubulin
|
actin
|
fibrous proteins
|
|
thickest
|
thinnest
|
||
|
function
|
shape and support cell tracks along which organelles with motor proteins move, flagella and cilia
|
form 3D network inside plasma membrane, supporting cell shape
|
reinforce cell shape, anchor organelles
|
|
rapidly disassemble
|
permanent
|
||
|
1. Reception
|
|
2. Signal transduction
|
|
3. Response
|
|
glycolysis
|
cytoplasm, 2 net ATP
|
|
pyruvate oxidation
|
0 ATP
|
|
citric acid cycle
|
matrix, 2 ATP
|
|
oxidative phosphorylation
|
inner mitochondrial membrane, ~28 ATP
|
|
emergent properties of life's hierarchy & systems that arise
|
|
structure and function
|
|
exchange of matter and energy
|
|
evolution
|
|
Theory - widely accepted explanatory idea that is supported by a body of evidence
|
|
Hypothesis - testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data
|
|
Law - statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the universe
|
|
Deductive: general --> specific
|
|
Inductive: specific --> general
|
|
monomer
|
nucleotides
|
|
polymer
|
nucleic acids, DNA, RNA
|
|
bonded by
|
hydrogen bonds (form helix), covalent bonds (form backbone)
|
|
purpose
|
genetic info
|
|
contains genetic information, DNA
|
|
direct protein synthesis, controlling cell's acticities
|
|
chromatin - complex of proteins and DNA
|
|
nuclear envelope - double membrane enclosing nucleus
|
|
nucleolus - where rRNA is synthesized
|
|
free ribosome
|
proteins that function w/in cytosol
|
|
bound ribosome
|
proteins that are inserted into membranes, packaged in certain organelles, exported from cell
|
|
nuclear envelope
|
|
endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
Golgi apparatus
|
|
lysosome
|
|
vacuole
|
|
plasma membrane
|
|
smooth ER
|
variety of metabolic processes, synthesis of lipids, process harmful substances, storage of calcium ions
|
|
rough ER
|
secrete proteins, makes membranes
|
|
genetic
|
|
manufacture, distribution
|
|
energy
|
|
structural support, movement, communication
|
|
What if a cell has too many aquaporins?
Too much water will be absorbed, body tissues will swell.
|
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