Exam 2 - Cell Biology Cheat Sheet

A Education › Biology cheat sheet in English by E_Hilliker

Macromolecules, Transport, Organelles, Metabolism

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PRs

MACROMOLECULES

Common Functional Groups

Hydroxyl	-OH	polar
Carboxyl	-COOH	polar
Carbonyl	-CO	polar
Amino	-NH3	polar
Phosphate	-PO3	polar
Methyl	-CH3	non-polar
Sulfhydryl	-SH	non-polar

Organic Compounds Overview

*more details underneath this block

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides	Disaccharides	Polysaccharides
-glucose	-sucrose	"starch"
-fructose	-lactose	-cellulose
	-dextrose	-chiton
	-maltose	-amylose
	-galactose	-glycogen

*sugars can dissolve in H20 because they are NON-POLAR!

Lipids

Triglycerides	Phospholipids	Steroids
-made of glycerol and fatty acids	-forms a bilayer (membranes)	-4 rings
-three "strands"	-polar, hydrophilic heads	-cholesterol
-no kink = saturated	-nonpolar, hydrophobic tails	-estrogen
-kink = unsaturated		-testosterone

Proteins

R groups can be a mix of the following: uncharged, non-polar, polar, hydrophilic, hydrophobic

amino acids are joined by a PEPTIDE BOND
^this results in a dehydration (taking H20 out)

*protein = shape

Nucleotides

*amount of Pi (phosphate group) can change

TRANSPORT/ENZYMES

Osmosis

Hypertonic	Hypotonic	Isotonic
high solute, less water	low solute, high water	equilibrium
cell shriveled	cell swells (hippo)	cell is normal

Transport

*more descriptions below

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Enzymes

-bind to a substrate. These fit depending on the SHAPE of enzymes

-competitive inhibitors can block substrates by changing the shape of the enzyme

Enzymes are catalysts

Things that factor enzyme activity:

-enzyme concentration

-substrate concentration

-temperature

-pH

enzymes have an optimal temp. and pH
^this depends on the specific enzyme!

enzymes usually can go back to its original form, unless it DENATURES

CELL STRUCTURES/ORGANELLES

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

-no nucleus	-nucleus
-mainly bacteria	-animals, plants, fungi, protists
-small! simple!	-large! more complex!
-no organelles	-orangelles

organelle: membrane-bound structures with a function

Cell wall / Cell membrane

-only in plants	-plants and animals
-provide strong support	-phospholipid bilayer
-doesn't move during osmosis

Nucleus

-stores DNA (chromatin)

Mitochondria

-ATP and cellular respiration

-has a double membrane and its own DNA/ribosomes

Vesicles

-transport materials

-can be led by MOTOR PROTEINS

Lysosomes

-break down materials

Cytoskeleton

-dense network of protein fibers

-support and shape the cell

-anchors organelles

Golgi Apparatus

-protein modification and sorting

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER	Smooth ER
-ribosome synthesis	-lipid synthesis
	-detoxification

Ribosomes

-read RNA

-synthesize proteins

Chloroplasts

-photosynthesis

-thylakoid stacks (green color)

-own DNA and ribosomes

Central vacuole

-H20 regulation

-only plants

METABOLISM

Redox Reactions

LEO	GER
lose electrons oxidizing	gain electrons reduction

Electron movement

an electron closer to the nucleus has LESS energy than an electron further from the nucleus

when an electron moves closer to the nucleus, it gives off small amts of energy
^must be slow steps

Glycolysis -> pyruvate

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