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Demography
study of changes in the characteristics of a population
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Type I Survivorship
child survivorship high, old mortality high
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Type II Survivorship
die at equal rates despite age
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Type III Survivorship
child mortality high, adult survivorship high
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Survivorship Characteristics
Mortality, # offspring, gestation period, parental care, organism size
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It is...
Potential for species to produce offspring
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Factors Affecting It
age of sexual maturity, max reproductive age, length of gestation, offspring per pregnancy, parental care
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ΔN = ( B + I ) - ( D + E )
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B = births
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D = deaths
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I = immigration
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E = emigration
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r = ΔN / N1
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during specific period of time
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r = b - d
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b = # of births / population size
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d = # of deaths / population size
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r > 0 pop. growing, if less, declining
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Max per capita growth rate
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ideal conditions, exponential growth model
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Exponential growth model not realistic.
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has carrying capacity
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Crude Density
number of individuals in habitat
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Ecological Density
number of individual in the area actually used by them, not random space
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Clumped
Schools, herds, colony, flock
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Uniform
penguins
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Random
plants
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Quadrant Sampling
placed randomly to avoid bias, many small square sections
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Mark Recapture
capture organisms, mark them, release them, recapture set of organisms
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