universal system of norms, values, and roles for maintaining social order.
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universal system of norms, values, and roles for maintaining social order.
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THREE TYPES OF LAWS
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ASPECTS IN MAINTAINING ORDER
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CONSTITUTIONAL LAWS
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Creating formal norms
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from the constitution
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Applying sanctions
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STATUTORY LAWS
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Settling disputes among individuals
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legislative bodies
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Settling disputes between nations
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COMMON LAWS
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Unwritten laws
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Small, nomadic groups connected by family ties
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politically independent
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE
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associations of families allied by kinship, marriage, descent, friendship, and common interest
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LEADERSHIP AND DECISION MAKING
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Horizontal status and power
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Informal leaders emerge based on skills, knowledge, and community consensus
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Temporary political power with no significant authority
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Decisions made by community consensus
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POLITICAL GOALS
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ensure harmony and resolve conflicts within the band
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Quarrels often arise over food, relationships, or space
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No. of people increases, potential for conflicts also rises
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Conflicts may lead to the formation of new bands
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POLITICAL SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
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No central leadership position with authority
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Difficulty in creating binding treaties with Native American societies due to the diffused political system
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SURVIVAL OF BRAND-LEVEL SOCIETIES
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No traditional band-level societies exist today
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Lasted until the late 19th century
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More complex than bands
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increased population size and a shift in subsistence patterns
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Kinship is based on more than family
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INTEGRATIVE MECHANISMS
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Pantribal associations or sodalities - new integrative mechanisms
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bringing together individuals from different families
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Serve to create order and unity within the tribe
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LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL POWER
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Village headmen exist
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Political power comes from senior positions within kin groups and the ability to persuade or criticize
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leaders known as "big men" accumulate wealth to enhance status and influence, engaging in ritualized economic redistribution.
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*EGALITARIANISM AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY
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essentially egalitarian, with no family or residential group being politically or economically superior.
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Families, including headmen's families, are self-sufficient in basic necessities
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IMPACT OF CONTACT WITH LARGER SOCIETIES
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Tribal societies face consequences when in contact with larger-scale societies
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No tribes have maintained their traditional political systems unaltered by outside influences
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mostly classless societies
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Distinguished by a permanent, full-time leader known as a chief with real authority
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LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE
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Chiefs
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BASIS OF STATUS
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Seniority in kin groups is the primary basis
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Chiefs are at the top of the kinship hierarchy, and others are ranked based on genealogical distance from the chief
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ECONOMIC REDISTRIBUTION AND STANDARD OF LIVING
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Chiefs and their families often have a higher standard of living
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perform society-wide economic redistribution (similar to tax) by siphoning off surplus agricultural products and redistributing them, holding back some for the chief's lifestyle
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contributes to economic advantages, social stability, and security in diverse environmental zones
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POPULATION SIZE AND DISPUTES
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Larger population leads to less commonality among people
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Chief serves as an arbitrator and judge in disputes that cannot be settled informally based on kinship and friendship
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ADVANTAGES IN WARFARE
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Chiefdoms are more effective in warfare compared to bands and tribes
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Larger populations allow assembly of larger military forces
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Centralized direction by the chief enables more decisive action
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ESSENTIAL ROLE OF CHIEFS
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Once established, the position of the chief becomes essential to the functioning of society
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Chiefdoms cannot revert to tribal levels unless their population significantly decreases
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State-level political systems originated from chiefdoms in societies with large-scale intensive agriculture
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Evolved into centralized, authoritarian kingdoms with distinct classes based on wealth, power, and prestige
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DEVELOPMENT OF STATES
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Around 5,500 years ago, early kingdoms in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia developed state-level political integration
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emerged in the Indian subcontinent and China shortly thereafter
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By 4,500 years ago, Mesoamerica and the central Andean mountain region of western South America also saw the development of states
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POLITICAL STRUCTURE
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Pyramid of authority with a hereditary elite class at the top, led by a king and royal family
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Commoners, primarily food-producing farmers, constituted the majority at the bottom
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WARFARE AND CONQUEST
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Competition among independent kingdoms
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Victorious kingdoms annexed weaker ones
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URBAN CENTERS
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Cities housed major temples of state religions
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HIERARCHY AND ROLES
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SLAVERY
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