Human Anatomy & Physiology 1, Week One (The Human Body: An orientation)
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Anatomy
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Physiology
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The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to each other
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The study of how the body and its parts work or function
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Gross anatomy: easily observable, can be seen with the naked eye
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Many sub-divisions e.g. neurophysiology, cellular physiology
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Microscopic anatomy: only seen at high magnification (Cells & Tissues)
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Homeostasis
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Negative feedback
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Positive feedback
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The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
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Most common homeostatic control mechanism
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Rather than reversing the direction of the response, creates a loop
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Involves all body systems
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Shuts of the original stimulus, or reduces intensity of reaction
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Example is contractions in childbirth
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Must be maintained for normal body functions and to sustain life
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Works like a heater with a thermostat
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Contractions cause pain, but the production of oxytocin creates a positive feedback loop, continuing the contractions to push baby out
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Homeostatic imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease, e.g., excessive sweating
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if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it again
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Positive feedback loops back to homeostasis through response, negative feedback reverses to homeostasis by opposing stimulus
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Examples of how homeostatic imbalance affects body: imbalanced reproductive hormones could lead to infertility, imbalance of calcium could lead to osteoporosis
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If the level of something falls, control systems rise it again
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Communicates through neural and hormonal contriol systems: Receptor (Detects change and sends information to control centre) -> Control centre (Determines set point, analyses information and determines appropriate response)-> Effector (Carries out necessary change)
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Chemicals - e.g. Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen etc.
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Molecules - e.g. water, sugar, protein
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Organelles - e.g. mitochondria
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Cells - e.g. bone cell, muscle cell
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Tissues - e.g. connective
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Organs - e.g. lungs
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Organ system - e.g. cardiovascular
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Organism - e.g. made up of many organs (humans)
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There are 4 types of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & Nervous
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Epithelial: Covers body surfaces and lines cavities; Forms glands; Closely packed; Always has a free surface (not covered by another tissue)
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Nervous: Conducts electrical signals; Protects, binds, and supports the body and its organs; Stores energy & helps with immunity; Most abundant & widely distributed; Serves as transport system; Can be fluid, semi-solid, or solid
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Muscle: Specialised cells that contract and shorten; In the process generates heat
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Connective: Cells organised to provide protection, support, and 'holding together'; Detects changes to the internal and external body; Responds by generating electrical signals (action potentials)
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11 organ systems
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Integumentary - Largest organ of the body; forms a protective layer from external environment; skin, hair, nails & associated glands (sweat, mammary, sebaceous and ceruminous
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Skeletal - Support structure for your body; allows movement; makes blood cells; stores minerals
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Muscular - Attached to bones or organs and blood vessels; responsible for movement
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Nervous - Transmits signals between brain and body; controls ability to see, move, think, breathe etc
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Endocrine - Made up of the body's different hormones; regulates all biological processes;
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Cardiovascular - Supplies body;s organs with oxygen and nutrients; also carries CO2 and waste for disposal
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Digestive - Breaks down food into nutrients to make those nutrients absorbable
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Lymphatic - Part of immune system; protects body from illness; mainatins fluid levels etc
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Respiratory - A group of organs and tissues that work together to make you breathe; moves fresh air in the body and removes CO2 waste
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Reproductive - Collection of organs that allow the body to impregnate/become pregnant
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Urinary - Filter blood and create urine as a waste byproduct
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All work together to maintain a healthy body
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