PSYC330 cheat sheet assignment
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Chronic offenders commit majority of crime
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Minority groups overrepresented
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Ages 20-30
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Males
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Victim of crime surveys
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Police records
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Court statistics
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Prison statistics
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Offender surveys
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Strain Theory
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Labelling Theory
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Subcultural Theory
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Feelings of social isolation ("anomie")
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Stigma associated with negative label
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Lower class communities have more criminally inclined values
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Psychodynamic Theory
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Control Theory
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Social Control Theory
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Differential Association Theory
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Criminal behavior is socialised out during upbringing
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Poor parenting causes people to have low self-control
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Strength of positive attachments to beliefs and relationships
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Pro criminal vs Pro social learning
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Problems during development can lead to criminal behavior
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Combined with negative emotional temperament
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Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief
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Learned in peer groups
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Combination of:
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Criminal history
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Substance abuse
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Antisocial personality
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Criminal peers
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Categories of Symptoms:
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Intrusion
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Avoidance
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Changes in mood and cognition
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Changes in arousal
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cPTSD
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BPD
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Dissociation
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Psychosis
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Severe and long-term interpersonal trauma
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Begins in early adulthood
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Feeling of people and objects being unreal (derealisation)
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Link between trauma from early childhood and psychosis
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Difficulty with emotional regulation, attention, attachment, self-perception
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Difficulty with self-concept, relationships, self-harm behaviors, emotional regulation
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Feeling of seeing yourself from outside of your body (depersonalization)
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Hallucinations and paranoia
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Impersonal Trauma
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Personal Trauma
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Attachment Trauma
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Situational
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Intentional
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Relational
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Natural disaster, serious illness
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Assault, harassment
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Abuse, neglect
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4 R's
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Realize
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Trauma ≠ PTSD
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Recognize
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Trauma lens
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Respond
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Strengths and evidence based approach
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Resist
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Vicarious trauma and retraumatization
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Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR)
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Replaces negative emotions related to a traumatic event
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Trauma Focused-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
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Child and parent therapy, teaches coping skills
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
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Designed for individuals who participate in self-harming behaviors
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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
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Therapy based on mindfulness
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Mentalisation-based Therapy (MBT)
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Uses mentalizing to improve sense of self
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Schema Therapy
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Combines features of several psychotherapies
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Re-traumatisation:
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can occur when reporting a crime by having to relive the trauma through questioning or during the trial
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can occur during therapy, mediated by a strong sense of trust between the client and therapist and a trauma based approach
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Change blindness
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Selective attention
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Inattentional blindness
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Flashbulb memory
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Failure to notice change in visual field
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Focus on specific stimuli while ignoring other information
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Failure to notice an unexpected stimuli
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Detailed and vivid, but often not accurate, memory of an emotional event
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Double blind
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Foils
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Unconscious transference
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Neither eyewitness nor lineup administrator know who the suspect is
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Other potential suspects in lineup
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Misidentification of an innocent person
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Voluntary
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Compliant
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Internalised
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To gain fame or notoriety or to protect other people
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To escape stressful interrogation
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Individual is manipulated by police interrogation to believe they are guilty
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Individual does not understand what confessing will result in (underage)
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Provide confession in exchange for leniency
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Instill false memories in innocent person
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Use
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Limitations
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Measures physiological changes in the body
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physiological responses can be affected by other things
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Used to detect whether an individual has information related to a crime stored in their brain
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Above 90% accuracy
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Not extensively tested in real-world scenarios
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Reid Model
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PEACE
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Mr. Big
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TEDS
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Psychological manipulation, fabricated evidence, aggression
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Build trust between interviewer and interviewee
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Officers go undercover to secretly obtain confessions
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Tell, Explain, Describe, Show
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Cognitive Experimental Self Theory
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Dangerous Decision Theory
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Jurors take into account factors that do not relate to the crime, such as attractiveness and race, when determining innocence or guilt
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1. Judge makes decision on the credibility of a witness
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Example: attractive defendants are treated more leniently
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2. Any evidence presented that supports the initial assessment is overvalued, any contradictory evidence is undervalued
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Example: black defendants receive harsher sentences
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3. Initial assessment continues to be believed
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Top-Down
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Bottom-Up
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Developed from patterns seen in the motives, personality, behaviors, and crimes of 36 serial killers interviewed by FBI
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Uses quantitative data to identify patterns in the behavior of an offender
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Organised offender
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Geographic profiling
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Disorganised offender
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Difficult to quantitatively organise aspects of crime
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Does not use empirical evidence
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Consistency of offenders is largely unknown
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Dynamic risk factors
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Static risk factors
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Can be changed
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Cannot be changed
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Criminal history
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Age
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Substance abuse
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History of abuse
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Antisocial personality
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Age of first offense
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Procriminal peer group
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Assigned Sex
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Accurate
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Inaccurate
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Free recall
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Leading questions
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Cued invitations
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Yes/No questions
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