|
sterilization
|
removal or destruction of ALL microbes in or on an object
|
|
sterilant
|
sterilizing agent
|
|
aseptic
|
an environment or procedure that is free of all pathogenic contaminants
|
|
sepsis
|
microbial contamination
|
|
disinfection
|
using physical or chemical agents to destroy microbes/viruses on NON LIVING surface
|
|
antisepsis
|
reduction of microbes on LIVING tissue
|
|
degerming
|
removing microbes by mechanical means (ex. washing hands with soap)
|
|
sanitization
|
removing pathogens from objects to meet public health standard
|
|
pateurization
|
use of heat to destroy pathogen
|
|
-stasis/-static
|
a chemical or physical agent PREVENTS microbial metabolism and growth
|
|
-cide/ cidal
|
agents that destroy or permanently inactivate a particular type of microbe
|
|
heat sterilization
|
uses heat at specific time and temp. to denature and destroy cell membranes can be used to pasteurize, sterilize, sanitize and disinfect
|
|
moist heat (boiling)
|
kills vegetative bacterial pathogens, fungi, protozoa, and some virus
|
|
dry heat (pressure chamber)
|
most effective sterilization is when the steam penetrates the object
|
|
pasteurization
|
not sterilization kills pathogens
|
|
refrigeration and freeze
|
freeze - ice crystals puncture cell membranes
|
|
filtration (masks)
|
passing fluid through a sieve designed to trap particles (prevents airborne contamination by microbes)
|
|
X rays and gamma rays
|
kills microbes by creating oxygen radicals, breaking DNA, and ionizing.
|
|
ultraviolet light
|
nonionizing, kills microbes by being absorbed by DNA and creating mutations in DNA
|
|
cells can acquire resistance 2 ways
|
new mutations, acquiring genes on extra DNA
|
|
enzyme
|
destroys or deactivates drug
|
|
prevent entry
|
changes in structure to slow or stop entry of drug
|
|
alteration
|
alter target to the drug to affect binding
|
|
metabolic chemistry
|
resistant drugs can alter or abandon sensitive metabolic steps
|
|
resistance pumps
|
cell pumps antimicrobial out of cell
|
|
unusual proteins
|
resistance to fluoroquinolone drugs
|
|
cross resistance
|
resistance to one antimicrobial agent confers resistance to similar drugs
|
|
microbial death
|
permanent loss of reproduction ability when in perfect environment
|
|
how to know if antimicrobial agent works
|
calculate microbial death rate(microbes die at constant rate)
|
|
alteration of cell wall and membranes
|
in enveloped membranes when membrane is destroyed no way for viral attachments but non enveloped are have more tolerance to this method because of lack of cell wall.
|
|
damage to proteins and nucleic acid
|
extreme heat and chemicals are used to denature the DNA and proteins making the microbe inactive
|
|
chemical agents
|
destroy enveloped viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, by affecting their cell walls and membranes, DNA and proteins
|
|
phenol
|
rarely used because irritates skin and smelly
|
|
phenolics
|
by product of phenol (less irritation) it is a low level disinfectant
|
|
alcohols
|
intermediate level microbe control that is ineffective against spores.
|
|
halogens
|
intermediate level effective agains bacteria/fungal cells and spores, some bacterial endospores, protozoan cysts and some viruses
|
|
oxidizing agents
|
high level release oxygen radicals (toxic oxygen). used to kill anaerobes in deep puncture wounds
|
|
surfactants (soap)
|
"surface active" chemicals
|
|
aldehydes
|
broad spectrum disinfectant (kills many microbe types) inactivate nucleic acids and enzymes
|
|
gaseous agents
|
cold sterilization for objects that are heat sensitive, penetrate objects readily destroying proteins and DNA
|
|
natural chemicals
|
microbial control produced by organisms
|
|
administer high concentrations of drug
|
|
|
use antimicrobials in combination
|
|
|
limit use of antimicrobials to necessary cases
|
|
|
development of new variations of existing drugs (e.g. second generation, third generation)
|
|
1 number of microbes
|
|
2 environment
|
|
3 time of exposure
|
|
4 microbial characteristics
|
|
inexpensive fast acting and stable agents
|
|
controls growth of microbes
|
|
harmless to humans animals and objects
|
|
site to be treated
|
|
degree of susceptibility of microbes involved
|
|
environment conditions
|
|
chemotherapeutics
|
drugs acting against a disease
|
|
antimicrobials
|
drugs used to treat infection
|
|
chemotherapy
|
the use of drugs to treat disease
|
|
antibiotics
|
naturally produced by an organism
|
|
semisynthesis
|
antibiotics chemically altered
|
|
synthesis
|
completely synthesized in a lab
|
|
narrow spectrum of microbial activity
|
work against few types of pathogens
|
|
broad spectrum of microbial activity
|
drugs work against many different kinds of pathogens . when pathogen is not able to be identified broad spectrum drug will be used
|
|
toxicity
|
|
|
allergies
|
|
|
disruption of normal microbiota
|
No comments yet.
Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
