Ch 6: The Cell; Ch 7: Membrane Structure & Function; Ch 11: Cell Communication; Ch 12: The Cell Cycle
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Nucleolus
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where rRNA & ribosomes are synthesized
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Ribosomes
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protein factories
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Peroxisomes
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use converts H₂O₂ to water+O₂
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Endomembrane System
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regulates protein traffic+metabolic functions
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Nucleus
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holds chromatin, surrounded by nuclear envelope
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Rough: makes proteins
Smooth: synthesizes lipids, stores Ca++, detoxifies drugs/poisons |
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Golgi Apparatus
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processes, packages, & secretes substances
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Lysosomes
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intracellular digestion
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Mitochondria
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powerhouse of the cell :) (respiration)
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Vacuoles
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storage & pumping out water
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Chloroplast
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absorbs light & synthesize sugar
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Cytoskeleton
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maintains cell shape, flow, positioning
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Centrioles Centrosomes MTOCs
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organize spindle fibers (cell division)
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Cell Wall
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protects, maintains shape, regulates water intake
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Prokaryotes
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Eukaryotes
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-no internal membranes/organelles
-circular DNA -small ribosomes -anaerobic or aerobic metabolism -no cytoskeleton -mainly unicellular -very small |
-membrane-bound organelles
-DNA forms chromosomes -larger ribosomes -aerobic metabolism -cytoskeleton present -mainly multicellular -larger cells |
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water potential
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potential energy of water to move elsewhere
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solute potential
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tendency of water to move across a permeable membrane into solution (Ψs=-iCRT)
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Quorum Sensing
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monitors bacteria population density & controls gene expression
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Autocrine Signals
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produced & used by same cell
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Juxtacrine Signals
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physically touching cells (gap junctions, plasmodesmata)
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Paracrine Signals
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adjacent (not touching) cells (synapses, growth factors)
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Endocrine Signals
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for all tissues, long distance (hormones)
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Reception
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ligand binds to cell membrane or intracellular receptors & activates 2nd messenger
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Ion channel
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allows influx of ions to carry a message
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GPCR
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ligand binds, changes cytoplasmic structure, activates G protein, bonds to GTP, catalyzes cAMP production
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Protein kinase (RTKs)
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ligand binds, aggregates+activates tyrosine kinase regions, activates relay proteins
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Intracellular
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hydrophobic messengers diffuse into the cell and control genes
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Signal transduction pathway
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multistep process in which extracellular signal molecules produce a cascade effect
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Second messenger
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intermediate molecule (like cAMP) that distributes+amplifies signal throughout the cell
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Response
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regulation of protein synthesis by turning genes on/off
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may be engulfed when no longer needed
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cells with genetic damage are replaced
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defense against infection
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signals trigger caspases to carry out apoptosis
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
