Ch 51: Animal Behavior; Ch 52: Ecology and the Biosphere; Ch 53: Population Ecology; Ch 54: Community Ecology; Ch 55: Ecosystems; Ch 56: Conservation Biology & Restoration Ecology
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biotic/abiotic factorsresponse: acclimate, regulate, conform, migrate, torpor, etc.
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fundamental niche=range of factors/resources a species could use
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realized niche=actual use of potential environment
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uniform dispersion=evenly spaced
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random dispersion=unpredictable spacing
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clumped dispersion=aggregate in patches
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species richness
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# of different species in a community
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species diversity
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# & size of each population in a community
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relative abundance
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proportion of different species in a community
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dominant species
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most abundant species w/ highest biomass
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keystone species
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has pivotal ecological role/niche
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
2 species can't survive in the same ecological niche; fundamental≠realized
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Predation
+/-; adaptions: cryptic/aposematic coloration, Batesian/Müllerian mimicry
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Symbiosis
-parasitism: +/-, endo & ecto
-mutualism: +/+, obligate vs facultative -commensalism: +/0 interaction |
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primary succession
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colonization by pioneer organisms (bacteria/algae/lichens/moss) in a virtually lifeless area to form soil
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secondary succession
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colonization of an area where the existing community was cleared but soil is intact
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habituation
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loss of responsiveness to stimuli w/no new info
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imprinting
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formation of permanent long-lasting response to an individual during sensitive period
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spatial
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landmarks, cognitive maps
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associative
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classical/operant conditioning
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cognitive
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awareness, reasoning, judgmentproblem solving
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cooperation
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behavior done as a group
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agonistic
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aggressive behavior
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dominance hierarchies
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dictate social position of an animal in a culture
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territoriality
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behavior to defend an area from others
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altruism
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individual's reproductive fitness, fitness of colony
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Water
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evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff/transpiration
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Carbon
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photosynthesis & respiration, burning fossil fuels
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Nitrogen
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fixation: free nitrogenNH₄+
nitrification: NH₄+nitrites/ates denitrification: nitratesN₂ decomposition: organic matterammonia |
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Proximate Cause
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how a behavior occurs/is modified
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Ultimate Cause
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why behavior occurs in context of natural selection
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Fixed Action Pattern
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highly stereotypic behavior that is unchangeable and carried to completion
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Sign Stimulus
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external cue that triggers FAP
exchanged within a species=releaser |
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Communication
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visual (waggle dance), chemical (pheromones), tactile, & auditory (birdsong)
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Kinesis & Taxis
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change in activity in response to stimulus; oriented movement toward/away from stimulus
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