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mutation
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genetic or chromosomal (deletion, inversion, translocation, polyploidy) abnormality
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karyotype
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diagram that shows size, #, & shape of chromosomes
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nondisjunction
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failed separation of homologous chromosomesaneuploidy(trisomy, polyploidy
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Law of Dominance
offspring of 2 organisms that are homozygous for 2 opposing traits will be hybrid but will only exhibit the dominant trait and not the recessive trait
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Law of Segregation
during formation of gametes, the 2 traits carried by each parent will separate
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Law of Independent Assortment
alleles of a gene for one trait segregate independently from alleles of a gene for another trait (applies w/dihybrid cross)
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linked
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genes on the same chromosome
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sex-linked
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traits carried on X chromosome
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linkage mapping
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distance between genes on chromosome=chance of separation by crossing over
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recombination frequency
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=total recombinants/total # offspring x100
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pedigree
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used to determine how traits are inherited
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Barr body
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inactivated X chromosome in each female mammal's somatic cellgenetic mosaic
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monohybrid cross
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Tt x Tt; phenotype ratio=3:1; genotype ratio=1:2:1
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testcross
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B/__ x b/b to determine B/__'s genotype
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dihybrid cross
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TtYy x TtYy; can produce 4 types of gametes & phenotype ratio=9:3:3:1
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incomplete dominance
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hybrids show blending of traits
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codominance
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hybrids show both traits
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multiple alleles
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more than 2 allelic forms
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pleiotropy
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1 gene affects an organism in several/many ways
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epistasis
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2 genes, 1 trait; 1 masks expression of the other
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polygenic
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blending of several genes that vary along a continuum
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
