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Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from glucose to produce ATP
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ATP is composed of a ribose sugar and a adenine base, connected to 3 phosphate groups
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When 1 phosphate group is removed via hydrolysis, the energy stored in the bond is released
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Anaerobic
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Aerobic
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NO oxygen required
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Oxygen IS required
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Only glucose used
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Carbohydrates + Lipids used
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2 ATP produced
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36 (ish) ATP produced
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ANIMAL: Lactic Acid PLANTS: ethanol + CO2
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CO2 + H20 Waste product
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in Mitochondria
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in Cytoplasm + Mitochondria
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NAD and FAD
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The Main role of hydrogen carriers is to transport hydrogen atoms to electron transport chain
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This can chane ADP to ATP by adding 1 phosphate during metabolic processes (eg. respiration)
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They happen during chemcial processes such as oxidation (loss electrons) and reduction (gain electrons)
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After Glycolysis
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CO2 removed from pyruvate via decarboxylation (producing ethanal)
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2H transferred from reduced NAD to ethanal, creating ethanol
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NAD's then regenerated to do anaerobic respiration again (Glycolysis)
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Phosphorylation
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Oxidation
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ATP Formation
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The addition of a phosphate to a molecule (2x ATP -> ADP)
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Each Triose phosphate oxidised (remove H atoms)
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ADP is phosphorylated by phosphate groups on 3C compound
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Requires energy
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Hydrogen is accepted by NAD, becoming reduced NAD
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Forming 2x ATP per 3C compound
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Makes molecule more unstable
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Energy released by ox. causes 2nd phosphate group to attach
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Glycerate converted to other organic acid
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Glucose now split to form 2 triose phosphate
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Forming a 2x 3C compound with 2 phosphate groups
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Pyruvate is formed
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Pyruvate transfered from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix via carrier proteins in mito-membrane
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Pyruvate decarboxylated forming CO2
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2C compound loses H forming reduced NAD
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2C Compound now forms an acetyl group
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Acetyl compound combines with coenzyme A
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Forming acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
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Proton Motive Force
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ATP Synthesis
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Oxygen Reduction
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H carriers are oxidised, relasing high energy electrons + protons
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High H+ conc creates gradient
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De-energise electrons need to be removed from chain to prevent blockage
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e- transferred to ETC
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H+ ions diffuse back to matrix
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O binds with H+ in matrix & e- to form H2O
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e- pass through chain, loosing energy
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Diffusion is called chemiosmosis
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Removal of H+ maintains gradient
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energy sed to pump H+ ions from out of matrix
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Facilitated by ATP synthase
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No O = H carriers cannot transfer e-
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accumulation of H+ ions in intermembrane space creates high conc.
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Movement triggers rotation of enzyme, phosphorylating ADP, creating ATP
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So ATP production would be halted
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GLYCOLYSIS: Cytoplasm of the cell
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LINK REACTION: Mitochondrial Matrix
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KREBS CYCLE: Mitochondrial Matrix
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ETC: Matrix + Inter membrane Space
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