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#1
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You can convert energy from one form to another (Ex. Carbohydrate is converted into ATP)
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#2
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No transfer energy is a 10% efficient process (Ex. Converting carbohydrate to ATP is only 64% efficient)
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Measurement of randomness/disorder
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Increase entrophy
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Increase order = energy increases
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Decrease entrophy
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Increase disorder = energy decreases
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Negative G
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Positive G
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Decrease energy
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Increase energy
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Increase entropy
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Decrease entropy
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Decrease temperature
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Increase temperature
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Spontaneous system
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Non-Spontaneous System
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Lose energy
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Convert energy
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Catabolic reaction (Cellular respiration)
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Anabolic reaction (Photosynthesis)
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Catabolism
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Exergonic reaction (energy is released or lost), breaks down organic compounds, example: glycolysis
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Anabolism
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Endergonic reaction (energy is added), organic compounds are synthesized, example: photosynthesis
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Oxidation (Exergonic)
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Molecule loses an electron, H is formed
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Reduction (Endergonic)
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Molecule gains an electron (H)
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Coupled Reaction
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An exergonic reaction provides the energy for an endergonic reaction
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Electron Carriers
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NAD+/NADH, FADH+/FADH
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Chemiosmosis
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Movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, examples: ETC
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Phosphorylation
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Adding a phosphate molecule
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Happens in the ETC, phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP
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Photophosphotylation
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Happens in photosynthesis, ATP is formed
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Substrate Phosphorylation
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Adds a phosphate, can still make ATP, occurs in glycolysis & krebs cycle
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Aerobic Respiration
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Needs oxygen, consists of: glycolysis, krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
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Anaerobic Respiration
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Oxygen is toxic, consists of: glycolysis, fermentation (lactic acid + alcoholic)
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Glycolysis
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In cytosol, oldest process
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Krebs Cycle
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In matrix of mitochondria
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Electron Transport Chain
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In cristae of mitochondria
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Pyruvate is Toxic
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Solved with krebs cycle and/or fermentation
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NAD+ is in Short Supply
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Lack of NAD+ = process is not complete, solution is fermentation and/or the ETC
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Overall Gains
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Net Gains
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4 ATP
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2 ATP
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2 NADH
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2 NADH (= 4 ATP)
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Purpose
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Get rid of pyruvate from glycolysis
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Rules
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1) For every carbon to carbon bond that is broken, carbon dioxide is released and NADH is reduced
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2) For any rearrangement of the carbon chain molecule, the substrate order is as follows: NADH -> ATP -> FADH -> NADH
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Glycolysis
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Krebs Cycle
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2 ATP
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2 ATP
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2 NADH
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8 NADH
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2 FADH
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Process
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Net Gains
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Net Gains in ATP
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Glycolysis
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2 ATP
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2 ATP
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2 NADH
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4 ATP
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Krebs
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2 ATP
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2 ATP
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8 NADH
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24 ATP
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2 FADH
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4 ATP
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Total
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36 ATP
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Light Rxt
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Occurs in thylakoid (individual pancakes of the chloroplast), needs water & sunlight, proces ATP and NADH
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Dark Rxt/Calvin Cycle
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In the stroma, needs ATP, NADH, and water, produces 3 PGA (Phosoglyceral Aldehyde)
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Reaction
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Reactants
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Products
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Location
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Light Reaction
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Light, water, ADP, NADP+
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Energy, oxygen, hydrogen, ATP, NADPH
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Thylakoid
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Dark Reaction, Calvin Cycle, C3
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Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH
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3 PGA, ADP, NADP+
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Stroma
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C3
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18 ATP, 12 NADH
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C4
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...a lot of ATP
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CAM
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6-8 more ATP
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