|
1) Living things have cells
|
|
|
2) Living things need energy (ATP)
|
|
|
3) Living things respond to their environment (Stimulus & Response)
|
|
|
4) Living things adapt to their environment (evolution)
|
|
|
5) Living things develop & grow
|
|
|
6) Living things reproduce (sexually and/or asexually)
|
|
Kingdom
|
|
|
Phylum
|
|
|
Class
|
|
|
Order
|
|
|
Family
|
|
|
Genus
|
|
|
Species
|
|
Atom
|
|
|
Molecule
|
|
|
Cell
|
|
|
Tissue
|
|
|
Organ
|
|
|
Multicellular Organism
|
|
1) Define problem
|
|
|
2) Collect info on problem
|
|
|
3) Form a hypothesis, null hypothesis = opposite of the hypothesis
|
|
|
4) Design an experiment that includes a control group, dependent variable, and independent variable
|
|
|
5) Preform experiment, observe and record data
|
|
|
6) Draw conclusions, a theory could be developed if hypothesis is proved correct
|
|
|
7) Report results
|
|
Science
|
Study of natural world
|
|
Pseudoscience
|
Theories about the natural world that appear scientific, but are not
|
|
Non-Science
|
An area of study that is not scientific
|
|
Matter
|
Anything that takes up space
|
|
Element
|
Pure substance, cannot be broken down
|
|
Atom
|
Smallest unit of matter
|
|
Isotope
|
An atom with a different number of neutrons
|
|
Ion
|
An atom with more or less electrons than proteins
|
|
Molecule
|
Atoms bonded together
|
|
Ionic
|
Giving or losing electrons
|
|
Covalent
|
Sharing electrons
|
|
Universal solvent
|
|
|
High cohesion
|
|
|
High specific heat (= thermal stability)
|
|
|
High heat of vaporization (= cooling mechanism)
|
|
|
Buffer, 7 on pH scale
|
|
Dehydration Synthesis
|
Form water that is ultimately removed to form bonds
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Split compounds/large molecules by adding water
|
|
Inorganic Compounds
|
Any compound that lacks a carbon atom, ex. O2, H2O
|
|
Organic Compounds
|
Compounds from living things, ex. Hydroxyl, Carboxyl Acid, Methyl, Amine
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
Simple sugar used for short term energy, polysaccharides (Starch, glycogen, cellulose) + monosaccarides (glucose)
|
|
Lipids
|
Fats, oils, and waxes used for long term energy storage. Two parts: Glycerol & fatty acids. Two kinds: Saturated & unsaturated (double bonded carbons). Ex. Phospholipid
|
|
Proteins
|
Made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled onto each other
|
|
Nucleic Acid
|
Used for storing genetic information, two kinds: RNA & DNA
|
|
1) Primary Structure
|
Chain of amino acids
|
|
2) Secondary Structure
|
Coils and folds of a polypeptide chain, hydrogen bonds determine of pleated or helix
|
|
3) Tertiary Structure
|
Shape caused by interactions between R groups, shape can be determined by ionic bonding, disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic attraction
|
|
4) Quaternary Structure
|
Overall protein structure, 2+ tertiary structures put together
|
|
1) Enzyme/Catalyst = Speeds up reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed, allosteric site = working sites of enzymes
|
|
|
2) Structure = Protein fibers (filaments), cytoskeleton in cells
|
|
|
3) Hormones = Slow communication system, quorum sensing = bacterial cells communicate with each other by releasing hormones
|
|
Used to do work in cells such as:
|
|
|
1) Mechanical Work
|
|
|
2) Transport Work
|
|
|
3) Chemical Work (catalysts = lower the amount of energy required)
|
|
|
How does an enzyme work?
|
|
|
1) Induced Fit = Putting two reactants together to lower energy
|
|
|
2) pH = Modifies pH of the system/reaction for a favorable spontaneous reaction
|
|
|
What affects enzyme function?
|
|
|
1) Temperature
|
|
|
2) pH
|
|
|
3) Cofactor = A mineral is needed for an enzyme to work, changes the shape of the allosteric site
|
|
|
4) Inhibitors = Substance that blocks the allosteric site of an enzyme, ex. negative feedback loops, positive feedback loops, penicillin
|
|
Defensive Proteins
|
Protection against diseases, ex. antigens & antibodies
|
|
Receptor Proteins
|
Located on the phospholipid bilayer of a cell or organelle's membrane, function: response to compounds
|
No comments yet.
Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
