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Albert Einstein
Theory of Relativity 1905- space and time not constant
showed the world to be uncertain, unpredictable, and relative |
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Sigmund Freud
father of modern psychology
believed human behavior is irrational (we are driven by our uncontrollable unconscious mind) weakened faith in reason |
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Literature in the 1920s
poets T.S. Eliot and William Butler Yeats wrote of darkness, loss of hope {{[nl}} Franz Kafka The Castle threatening situations not able to understand/escape
James Joyce Ulysses stream of consciousness- like the human mind |
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Revolution in the Arts
expressionism emotion/imagination in abstract color of Kandisky and Klee
surrealism dreamlike paintings of Salvador Dali cubism broken geometric shapes formed by Pablo Picasso's paintings composers - nontraditional rhythms and sound (Stravinsky & Schoenberg) jazz loose beat, captured freedom |
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Society Challenges Convention
1920s more individual freedom
women wanted rights; gained suffrage in many countries; wore shorter/looser clothes and short "bobbed" hair Many kept traditional lifestyles but others sought new careers such as medicine and education Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman spoke out for birth control |
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Technology Improves LIfe
automobile was improved- sold tons after the war and changed lifestyles
airplanes become a new way to travel (for the wealthy) Charles Lindbergh 1927- successfully flew 33 hours from NY to Paris entertainment- radio and film movies for art in Europe, entertainment in Hollywood- silent movies of Charlie Chaplin (first sound films came out in 1930s) |
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Postwar Europe
WWI left Europe bankrupt
absolute rulers replaced with democracy many political parties- make government ineffective when no party has a majority Coalition Government (temporary alliance of parties) weak leadership-problem during crises some preferred strength to democracy |
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The Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic German democracy established in 1919; weakness because Germany had no democratic experience and many political parties
printed money to pay for war- inflation; recovered 1923 Dawes Plan $200 million loan from USA to stabilize the economy Peace Efforts: 1925- made peace with France, admitted into League of Nations; 1928- Kellogg-Briand Pact- world's countries promised to avoid war |
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Financial Collapse
USA- uneven distribution of wealth- couldn't afford goods, led to overproduction; factories laid off workers; businesses and farms went into debt
stock prices kept rising, people took out loans to buy stocks; Black Tuesday October 1929- stock prices plummeted; investors sold stocks and couldn't pay off loans |
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The Great Depression
stock market crash led to unemployment, price/wage cuts, decrease in factory production
collapse of American banks led to a global depression; couldn't export goods to the U.S., Americans wouldn't invest in Europe; Europe's post war economy depended on American loans |
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The World Confronts the Crisis
many countries choose strong rulers over democracy
Britain and France kept democratic governments and stabilized employment; controlled taxes, currency, and trade USA Franklin D. Roosevelt uses his New Deal policy to make jobs and help businesses |
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Fascism
Fascism nationalist movement emphasizing loyalty to the state over individuality; support from middle class, military, and industrialists
obedience to authoritarian leader; promised to guide nation to progress like communism- one dictator/political party unlike communism- didn't want a classless society |
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Fascism in Italy
Italy bitter they didn't gain land after WWI
Benito Mussolini promised to revive economy and army- started Fascist Party; group was the Black Shirts, used fear to gain support; October 1922- marched on Rome and seized power in government, became Il Duce; abolished democracy and political parties; censored media, outlawed strikes, promoted industry |
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Hitler Rises to Power in Germany
Adolf Hitler-Der Fuhrer, after serving in WWI, joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi)
nazism, swastika was symbol, Brown shirts- army 1923- tried to seize power and was arrested- wrote Mein Kampf; German "Aryans" were master race; Jews, Slavs, Gypsies inferior; outraged at the Treaty of Versailles; wanted to take land/expand Germany |
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Hitler becomes Chancellor
January 1933- Hitler named chancellor; nazis won a majority in the parliament over communists
created a totalitarian state; banned other political parties; terror with the SS (elite black shirt police/military force) and Gestapo (secret police); controlled economy for government benefit used propaganda to control people; media, burned non-Nazi books; children joined The Hitler Youth (boys) and League of German Girls anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) agenda; blamed Germany's problems on Jews; passed laws taking away rights of Jews; November 9, 1938 Kristallnacht(Night of Broken Glass)- mobs attacked Jewish homes/businesses |
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Other Countries Fall to Dictators
most of Eastern Europe had dictators in the years after WWI (Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, Romania); seen as a way to bring stability
democracy survived in Britain, France, and Scandanavia tensions between democracy and dictators build |
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Japan Seeks an Empire
1920s- Japan became democratic and worked for peace; parliament had no control over military
Great Depression led to military leaders gaining support and power in 1929; militarists used Emperor Hirohito as center of power; wanted to conquer land in the Pacific for markets and growing population |
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Japanese Invasions
1931- Japan invaded and seized Manchuria- set up puppet government; built mines and factories and withdrew in 1933
1935- border dispute led to war with China- Japan captured capital Nanjing in 1937; Jiang Jieshi retreated, but Mao Zedong's guerrillas kept fighting |
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European Aggressors on the March
1935- Mussolini seized Ethiopia
Hitler defied the Treaty of Versailles; built up army and league didn't stop it; March 1936, invaded the Rhineland (neutral buffer between France and Germany) and strengthened Hitler's influence, tipped balance of power Britain and France had policy of appeasement (giving into an aggressor to keep the peace) 1936- Germany, Italy, and Japan became allies Axis Powers |
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Spanish Civil War
1931- Spain abolished monarchy to create a democracy
1936- Francisco Franco led army leaders in a revolt in favor of Fascism, which led to a 3 year civil war Hitler and Mussolini aided Franco European democracies stayed neutral 1939- republic lost and Franco became dictator |
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Democratic Nations Try to Keep Peace
United States stays isolationist - Congress passed 3 Neutrality Acts
Hitler wants to expand the Third Reich (German empire) - March 1938 Germany went against the Treaty of Versailles to annex Austria Britain and France keep appeasing -Munich Conference in September 1938 gave Hitler Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia Nazis and Soviets sign non-aggression pact August 1939 |
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