Pheochromocytoma and anesthetic management
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Occurence: 90% of the time is isolated; 10% familial. Pts are usually 30-40 years old upon diagnosis. 80% of the time occur within adrenal medulla or at organ of Zuckerkandl (near the aortic bifurcation); 2% at the neck and thorax.
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NE: Epi secretion ratio = 85:15 (opposite of normal adrenal secretion)
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Mortality Rate with surgery: 0-3%
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Sign and Symptoms: HTN, sweating, headache, pallor, palpitations, orthostatic hypotension. NE (alpha) - systolic & diastolic HTN with reflex bradycardia. Epi (beta) - systolic HTN and diastolic hypotension with tachycardia. Cardiomyopathy - dilated and hypertrophic and left ventricular outflow obstruction. Coronary vasoconstriction leads to decreased coronary blood flow. ECG changes: ST segment changes, T wave changes, prolonged QT, peaked P waves, left axis deviation and dysrhythmias. Increased blood glucose due to glycogenolysis and inhibited insulin release.
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Diagnosis: Pts with low probability: 24-hour urine collection will show vanillymandelic acid (metabolites of NE/Epi). Pts with high probability: plasma free metanephrines (catecholamine metabolites). Clonidine supression test: no effect to clonidine means positive for pheochromocytoma
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Pre-op Management: Phenoxybenzamine: (non-competitive alpha 1 antagonist) has a long duration so, discontinue 24-48 hours pre-op. Prazosin and doxazosin: (alpha 1 competitive antagonist) short acting and causes less tachycardia. Labetalol: (non-selective beta-blocker) for heart rates greater than 120 bpm. Esmolol:(Beta 1 selective) good for Epi secreting pheo's. Alpha-methylparatyrosine: inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase - rate limiting enzyme. Nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil, captopril: (CCBs) decrease catecholamine release. ACE inhibitors.
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Intra-op Management: Histamine releasers: morphine and atracurium. Catacholamine inducers: atropine, pancuronium, succinylcholine. Hypertension - Nitroprusside (direct vasodilator). Phentolamine (competitive alpha blocker). Nitroglycerine can cause tachycardia and you need a large dose. Labetalol (epi secreting tumors). Magnesium - decreased catecholamine release, decreases sensitivity of the alpha receptor to NE/Epi and is a direct vasodilator. Ventricular Arrhythmias - Lidocaine or Beta blockers. Fluids - LR, NS, D5W. Glucocorticoids.
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Post-op Management: Take 7-10 days for plasma catecholamine levels to decrease. Goal BP : <165/90 >80/45 mmHg for the first 48 hours.
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NE
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EPI
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Other SS
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HTN
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Palpitations
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Dysrhthmias
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Headache
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Tachycardia
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Cardiomyopathy
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Sweating
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Panic/Anxiety
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MI
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Pallor
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Tremors
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Encephalopathy
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Bradycardia
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Hyperglycemia
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Stroke
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Renal Insufficiency
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Tumar mass effects (i.e. compression)
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