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Goal of Mitosis: two daughter cells inherit an equal and identical complement of chromosomes
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3 things that Mitosis does: 1.) development 2.) growth cell replacement 3.) asexual reproduction
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Interphase: Period when cell isn't in non dividing state; consists of G1, S-phase, G2
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S-Phase: DNA replication
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G1 Phase: the cell grows physically and increases the volume of both protein and organelles.
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G2 Phase: Organelles and proteins for cell division are produced; Getting ready for Mitosis
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Prophase: Condensation of chromosomes,the movement of the centrosomes, the formation of the mitotic spindle, and the beginning of nucleoli break down
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Metaphase: Duplicated chromosomes move to the middle, spindle fibers connect to centromeres
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Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate from one another and are pulled into opposite poles of the cell
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Telophase: Chromosomes begin to decondense, spindle breaks down, nuclear membrane and nucleoli re-form (nuclear envelope)
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Cytokinesis: splits the parent cell into two identical daughter cells
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• Inherited mutations are present in the parents, inherited from their parents, and can be passed to gametes
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• But NEW spontaneous mutations can also occur in germline cells in meiosis
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• New mutations in gametes more likely to develop or accumulate with age
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• Oocytes more often have chromosomal imbalances
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• Missing or extra entire chromosomes, usually due to non-disjunction
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• Sperm more often have dominant single gene mutations
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• “Paternal age effect”
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Sister Chromatid = identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere. In Mitosis
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Homologs = Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father. In Meiosis
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Haploid = the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells (1n)
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Diploid = A cell containing two copies of each chromosome (2n)
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Somatic Cell = any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells
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Germline Cell = The cells that form eggs in females and sperm in males
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Allele = variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same place on a long DNA molecule
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Crossing Over = When two chromosomes — one from the mother and one from the father — line up, parts of the chromosome can be switched
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Ploidy = number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell
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Reductional division = The first cell division in meiosis, the process by which germ cells are formed, MEIOSIS
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Equational division = the process of cell division wherein the chromosomes replicate and get equally distributed into two daughter cells, MITOSIS
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Meiosis = Reductional division
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Goal of Meiosis: produce gametes, the sperm and eggs, with half of the genetic complement of the parent cells.
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Prophase 1: replicated chromosomes condense, homologous chromsomes pair up, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vesicles
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Metaphase 1: chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell.
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Anaphase 1: Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell but sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres
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Telophase 1: the chromosomes are enclosed in nuclei, four haploid daughter cells, generates genetic diversity
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Prophase 2: chromosomes condense, and a new set of spindle fibers forms. NO crossing over
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Metaphase 2: INDIVIDUAL centromeres of the paired chromatids align along the equatorial plate in both cells
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Anaphase 2: Sister chromatids SEGREGATE from each other and migrate to opposite ends of the cell
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Telophase 2: cell division begins again in each of the two daughter cells, creating 4 daughter cells
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Mitosis = Equational division
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