Personology Chapter 3: Sigmund Freud
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Oedipus Complex
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Identification & rivalry w/same gendered parent, closeness with opposite gendered parent.
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Drives
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Eros, Thanatos (drive behaviours)
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Eros
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Life Drives (sex, ego) - seek to preserve life
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Thanatos
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Death Drives - seeks to gratify desires even when destructive or socially unacceptable
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Structures of psyche
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id, ego, superego
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Levels of consciousness
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unconscious, preconscious, conscious
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Psychosocial conflict
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inner conflict between unconscious desires & social norms, creates anxiety or discomfort
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Defense Mechanisms
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Strategies used by ego to defend itself agains conflict between forbidden drives & moral codes.
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Parapaxes
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Slips of the tongue or pen, thought to reveal the unconscious
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Biological & Psychic Determinism
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Human characteristics determined at birth via inheritance of genetics/traits from parents
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Mechanistic Assumption
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Humans function in mechanistic way; enery consumption, conservation & transformation.
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Development of personality
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Psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital)
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Psychosocial Conflict Theory
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conflict between drives of psyche & norms of society.
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person: drives that need to be satisfied | expectation of society designed to protect society by controlling drive urges
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person tries to feel both; drive satisfaction with as little guilt possible
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Biological & Psychic Determinism
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drives psychologically based; biological determinism
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biological determinism: characteristics determined at conception; hereditary
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psychological determinism: mental processes determined by unconscious, pre-existing mental complexes
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drives found in: id | societal rule found in: superego
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Mechanistic Assumption
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mechanistic functioning of humans; psychological processes & behaviours can be understood in the same way as mechanical or physiological processes
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physical principles: energy consumption, conservation, transformation
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Motivation: Freud's Drive Theory
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psyche function based on energy converted from physical-biological form to psychic energy according to the principle of energy transformation
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internalization - person takes attitude, value, belief of others/community as part of their own personality in order to better deal with things in future
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internalized energy allows or disallows person to act on & satisfy desires/torture them w/guilt
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trieb = drive | libido = psychic energy, sexual energy | aggressive energy
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Source
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each drive stems from a certain part/area of the body (sex drives = erogenous zone)
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Impetus/Energy
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every drive = certain quantity or intensity; affected by condition of energy source at time & time elapsed since last satisfaction
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Goal
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every drive = goal of satisfaction
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Object
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every drive requires an object in order to satisfy the drive
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satisfaction achieved by: energy of drive + object -> carry out action = satisfaction
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earlier object choice no longer available = displacement
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3 Structural Properties
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id, ego, superego
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id
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unconscious drives, primitive, pleasure seeking/gratificaiton of wants
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linked to the drives: eros; thanatos
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pleasure principle, thus immediate satisfaction
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selfish & unrealistic - can only accomplish wish fulfillment
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creation of images of desired object/fantasizing
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ego
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moderator
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moderates between id & superego (drives:societal norms)
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secondary process & reality principle (evaluates; reflects; plan & postpone satisfaction of drives)
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cathexis - ego's investment of psychic energy into selected objects
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superego
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intrapsychic representative of societal moral codes
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pressurizes ego into following societal/moral codes
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moral principle - punishes individual w/ guilt over immoral wishes or behaviours
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punishing element = conscience | encouraging element = ego-ideal
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anticathexis - diversion of mental energy by superego to block mental impulses from the id
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All drives = 2 basic inclinations of living organisms
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1. Develop constructively (eros-life) not rigidly controlled by moral codes & do not cause conflicts w/conscious
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2. Disintegrate & die (thanatos-death)
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Ego Drive (eros)
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individual's survival; aimed at satisfying basic life needs
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drive responsible for development of ego; provides energy for its functioning
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Sex Drive (eros)
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survival of species; primary concern = erotic (satisfaction=pleasure)
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Freud: sex drives always present; only emerge @ puberty
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Ego vs Sex
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Ego = survival of individual | Sex = survival of species
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Ego drives = not associated w/moral prescription/guilt feelings
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Sex drives = linked w/development of mental disturbances
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Thanatos (death drives)
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Freud: explanation for war, murder, death etc
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original object = human body
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death drive in conflict w/life drive = conflict projected outwards in form of aggression
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First form of aggression = oral aggression (baby biting mother)
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Sublimation = energy can be safely & acceptably used
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Person causes own death = tensionlessness/nirvana (Freud: sees this as the unconscious ideal for all life)
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=
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strategies ego uses to defend itself against the conflict betweent the forbidden drives & moral codes
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present to cope with unconscious, psychic contents; person often unaware they're using def-mechs
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2 NB characteristics shared by def-mechs
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1. they are denials & distortions of reality
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2. they operate unconsciously & aim to keep anxiety provoking thoughts at bay
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Repression
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represses content unacceptable to the ego into the unconscious
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different to conscious forgetting
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Freud: this is where ideas exist before being made conscious
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one act of repression; not enough --> maintained through resistance
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Resistance
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operates when repressed drives threaten to break through the surface & cause anxiety
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Projection
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keep unconscious threatening material unconscious by changing the focus onto other people's drives & ignoring impulses within themselves
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changing moral anxiety into reality anxiety
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Reaction Formation
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keep forbidden desire at bay by adopting fanatical stance that gives opposite impression to the desire
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often occurs alongside other def-mechs; projection
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Rationalization
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attempt to explain behaviour w/reasons that sound rational, but aren't actually the real reason for their behaviour
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not the same as ordinary lying; normally person is not aware of the true reason for their behaviour
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Displacement
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functions by finding substitute for the object that is forbidden by society's moral code
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some stage; society deems displacement object as unacceptable (nipple -> bottle -> pacifier -> smoking)
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Transference
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client's projection to therapist
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Counter transference
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therapist's projection to client
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Sublimation
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finding displacement objects that are societally accepted (most effective form of displacement)
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Fixation
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person's psychological development stuck at one stage
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person behaves in way apropriate to earlier stage to avoid challenges of next or current stage
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too much energy investment in objects of certain stages (one develops personality characteristics based on the stage where fixation occurs)
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Regression
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linked to fixation; Freud: regression to same stage where fixation occured
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partial or total return to earlier stage of dev where less anxiety was experienced
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Identification
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understood in context of Freud's development theory
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takes place when person represents themselves in another person; unconscious desire to be like that person
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
