Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy
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anatomy: structure of an organism (what does it look like?)
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physiology: function of an organism (what does it do?)
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digestive
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immune
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circulatory
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integumentary
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nervous
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lymphatic
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excretory
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reproductive
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respiratory
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endocrine
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skeletal
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muscular
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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kidneys
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1) removes waste products from cellular metabolism (urea, water, carbon dioxide)
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ureters
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2) filters blood
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bladder
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urethra
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lungs
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skin (sweat glands)
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liver (produces urea)
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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bones
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1) protects organs
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cartilage
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2) provides shape, support
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ligaments
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3) stores materials (fats, minerals)
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4) produces blood cells
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5) allows movement
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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glands (produce hormones)
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1) regulates body activities using hormones. slow response, long lasting
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~hypothalamus
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~pituitary
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~thyroid
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~thymus
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~adrenal
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~pancreas
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~ovaries
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~testes
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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ovaries (produce eggs)
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1) allows organisms to reproduce which prevents their species from becoming extinct
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testes (produce sperm)
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when the effector(s) activated by the control center oppose or eliminate stimulus
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ex) blood sugar regulation
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.png)
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cephalic: head
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otic: ear
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occipital: back of head or base of skull
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acromial: point of shoulder
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vertebral: spinal column
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scapular: shoulder blade
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lumbar: loin
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brachial: arm
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olecranal: back of elbow
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dorsum/dorsal: back
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manus: hand
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sacral: between hips
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gluteal: buttock
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perineal: region between anus and external genitalia
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femoral: thigh
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popliteal: back of knee
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sural: calf
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calcaneal: heel
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plantar: sole
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also known as caudal
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away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
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ex) the navel is inferior to the breastbone
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 image.png)
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between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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ex) the armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
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 image.png)
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toward or at the body surface
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ex) the skin is superficial to the skeleton
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 image.png)
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away from the body surface; more internal
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ex) the lungs are deep to the rib cage
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 image.png)
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full name:
computed tomography
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how does it work?
different tissues absorb the electromagnetic radiation in various amount
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what does it show?
shows cross sectional pictures of the body region scanned
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when is it used?
used to evaluate brain and abdominal problems without the need of exploratory surgery
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full name:
magnetic resonance imaging
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how does it work?
magnetic energy causes the spin of hydrogen molecules, and their energy is enhanced by radio waves; when the radio waves are turned off, energy is released and translated by a computer into a visual image
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what does it show?
dense structures do not show and soft tissue, like the the brain, can be evaluated
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when is it used?
to evaluate soft tissue, brain, intervertebral pads and cartilage to detect degenerative disease
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atoms -> molecules -> macromolecules -> organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism
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1) maintain boundaries: inside is separate from the outside
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2) movement: whole body and cellular level
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3) responsiveness/irritability: sense and respond to changes in the environment
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4) digestion: breaking down food to nutrients
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5) metabolism: breaking down and building molecules for energy
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6) excretion: remove wastes from the body
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7) reproduction: cellular or organismal level
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8) growth: cellular or organismal level
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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heart
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1) transport materials to and from cells
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veins
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arteries
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capillaries
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blood
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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nose
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1) takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide and water
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trachea
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bronchi
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bronchioles
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alveoli
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lungs
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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white blood cells
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1) fights off foreign invaders in the body
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~T cells
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~B cells (produce antibodies)
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~macrophages
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skin
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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lymph (liquid part of blood - plasma, when it is in lymph vessels)
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1) stores and carries white blood cells that fight disease
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lymph vessels
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2) collects excess fluid and returns it to blood (second circulatory system - reaches places other one can't - between cells)
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lymph nodes
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contain white blood cells
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initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances its effects; less common
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ex) labor and delivery
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.png)
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special terminology is used to prevent misunderstandings
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exact terms are used for:
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~position
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~regions
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~direction
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~structures
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toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above
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ex) the forehead is superior to the nose
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 image.png)
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also known as ventral
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toward or at the front of the body; in front of
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ex) the breastbone is anterior to the spine
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 image.png)
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away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
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ex) the arms are lateral to the chest
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 image.png)
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farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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ex) the knee is distal to the thigh
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 image.png)
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dorsal body cavity
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ventral body cavity
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~cranial cavity (brain)
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~thoracic cavity (lungs)
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~spinal cavity (spinal cord)
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~abdominopelvic cavity
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~~abdominal cavity (abdomen)
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~~pelvic cavity (pelvis)
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full name:
positron emission tomography
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how does it work?
requires an injection of short-lived radioisotopes that have been tagged to biological molecules (ie. glucose) in order to view metabolic processes
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what does it show?
provides insights into brain activity in people affected by mental illness, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy
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when is it used?
to diagnose areas of impairment in the brain
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full name:
functional magnetic resonance imaging
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how does it work?
follows blood flow in the brain in real time
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what does it show?
shows brain activity
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when is it used?
to diagnose brain disease; can not be used in the presence of metal in the body, pacemakers, and tooth fillings
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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mouth
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1) take in food (ingestion)
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esophagus
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2) digest food into smaller molecules and absorb nutrients
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small intestine
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3) remove undigested food from body (feces)
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large intestine
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rectum
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anus
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salivary glands
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pancreas
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liver
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gallbladder
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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brain
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1) gathers and interprets information
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spinal cord
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2) responds to information
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nerves
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3) helps maintain homeostasis
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hypothalamus
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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cardiac muscle
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1) allows for movement by contracting
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smooth muscle
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skeletal muscle
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tendons
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anatomy:
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physiology:
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skin
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1) barrier against infection (first line of defense)
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~epidermis
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2) helps regulate body temperature
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~dermis
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3) removes excretory waste (urea, water)
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~~sweat gland
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4) protects against sun's UV rays
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~~sebaceous gland
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5) produces vitamin D
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~~hair follicle
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~~blood vessels
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~~nerves
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"homeo-" = same
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"-stasis" = standing or status
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goal: to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
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axial: head, neck, and trunk
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appendicular: appendages or limbs
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nasal: nose
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oral: mouth
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cervical: neck
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frontal: forehead
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orbital: eye
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buccal: cheek
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mental: chin
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acromial: point of shoulder
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axillary: armpit
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abdominal: abdomen
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sternal: breastbone
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thoracic: chest
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mammary: breast
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umbilical: naval (belly button)
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brachial: arm
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antecubital: front of elbow
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antebrachial: forearm
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carpal: wrist
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pollex: thumb
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palmar: palm
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digital: fingers
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coxal: hip
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pelvic: pelvis
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inguinal: groin
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pubic: genital region
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femoral: thigh
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patellar: anterior knee
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crural: leg
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fibular/peroneal: side of leg
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pedal: foot
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tarsal: ankle
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digital: toes
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hallux: big toe
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also known as dorsal
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toward or at the backside of the body; behind
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ex) the heart is posterior to the breastbone
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 image.png)
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toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
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ex) the heart is medial to the arm
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 image.png)
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close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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ex) the elbow is proximal to the wrist (elbow is closer to shoulder or attachment point of arm than wrist is)
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 image.png)
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full name:
radiograph
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how does it work?
shadowy negative image of internal structures produced by directing electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength at the body
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what does it show?
best to visualize hard, body structures and locate abnormally dense structures (tumors, tuberculosis nodules) in the lungs and breasts
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when is it used?
to diagnose fractures and dense tumors
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full name:
ultrasonography
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how does it work?
high frequency sound waves is its energy source; the sound waves go through the tissues without harming them, and the echoes are recorded
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what does it show?
it shows visual images of body organs
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when is it used?
preferred method for fetal evaluation
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