Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2: Histology
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epi: above, over, outer
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characteristics:
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1) closely packaged cells
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2) polarity: apical (free) surface and basal (attached) surface
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3) supported underneath by connective tissue
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4) has nerves, but no blood vessels (avascular)
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5) can regenerate easily
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1) common origin: mesenchyme
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2) variation in blood supply
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~blood and bone are vascular
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~tendons and ligaments are poorly vascular
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3) extracellular matrix
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~ground substance, fibers, cells
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-blast: build, create
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-cyte: cell
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Adip-: fat
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Chondro-: cartilage
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Osteo-: bone
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Hema-: blood
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gland: group of epithelial cells that make and secrete a product
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secretion: both the process and the "stuff" that comes out of a gland
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merocrine gland: no part of the cell is lost with the secretion (ex: salivary gland)
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apocrine gland: the top of the cell is lost with the secretion (ex: mammary glands)
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holocrine gland: the whole cell detaches with the secretion (ex: sebaceous glands)
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structure:
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~branched
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~1 or 2 nuclei
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~striated
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speed:
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~in between slow and fast
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control:
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~involuntary (automatic; brain takes over)
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location:
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~heart
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structure:
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~composed of the mesothelium
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~outer layer: lines the body cavities called parietal
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~inner layer: covers the internal organs called visceral
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~made up of simple squamous epithelial cells and loose connective tissue
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function:
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secretes serous fluid that lubricates the membrane and reduces abrasion and friction between the two layers
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location:
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~line the body cavities closed to the exterior of the body
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~~ex) the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
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simple: one layer
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stratified: more than one layer
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squamous: walls of capillaries and alveoli in lungs
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cuboidal: lining of ducts in glands
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columnar: lining of airways
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stratified squamous: skin and lining of mouth
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structure: varied
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function: endocrine glands produce hormones that are secreted into surrounding extracellular space
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~stay inside the body
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~travel to other organs/cells to have an effect
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location: ex) pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, and testes
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structure:
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~spindle shaped
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~1 nuclei
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speed:
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~slow
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control:
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~involuntary (automatic; brain takes over)
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location:
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~walls of hollow organs (e.g. stomach)
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~walls of blood vessels
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composed of:
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~neurons
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~supporting cells
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function:
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~generate and transmit chemical and electrical signals to...
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1) respond to stimulus
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2) communicate within the body
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location:
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~brain
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~spinal cord
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~peripheral nerves (throughout body tissues)
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structure:
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~consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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function:
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~protects the body from desiccation and pathogens
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location:
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~skin, covers the body surface
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squamous: cells are flat
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cuboidal: cells are shaped like cubes
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columnar: cells are shaped like columns
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basement membrane: bottom; connective tissue
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pseudostratified columnar: false layers of columnar shaped cells
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most abundant and widely distributed tissue
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functions:
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1) binding and support
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2) protection
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3) insulation
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4) transport substances
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provide support
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~elastic: branched; provides stretch
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~reticular: fine branched network
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~collagen: no branching; strength
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fibroblast: make connective tissue proper
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chondroblast: make cartilage
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osteoblast: make bone
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hematopoietic stem cell: make blood
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structure: unicellular and multicellular (simple (unbranched) and compound (branched))
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function: secrete out onto body cavity surfaces or on to body surfaces
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location: skin and body cavities
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~ex) goblet cells: produce mucus in the intestinal and respiratory tracts
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~ex) sweat, oil, salivary glands...
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structure:
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~multinucleated
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~straight
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~striated
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speed:
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~fast
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control:
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~voluntary (you control it)
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location:
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~throughout the body
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~attached to tendons and bone
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~attach to aponeurosis
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structure:
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~coated with secretions of mucous glands
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~composite of connective and epithelial tissue
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function:
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~secrete mucous
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~helps support the fragile epithelial layers
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~prevents bodily tissues from becoming dehydrated
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location:
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~line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
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