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outside area of an object
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the area around the outside of a cell
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unit: m^2
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increased surface area = increased diffusion
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microvilli: increases absorption in intestines
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root hairs: increases water/nutrient absorption in plants
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endomembrane system: increased folds in organelles allow for more surface area to do cellular work
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cristae of the mitochondria: folds in the inner mitochondria increase amounts of ETC (more ATP)
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hydrophilic head:
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hydrophobic tail:
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phosphate
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saturated fatty acid
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glycerol
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unsaturated fatty acid
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at warm temperatures:
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at cool temperature:
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restrains the movement of phospholipids and reduces fluidity
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maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing
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no energy
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high to low concentration
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diffusion
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osmosis
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facilitated diffusion
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ion channels
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passive transport
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molecules spread out to available spaces
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move down concentration gradient (high to low concentration)
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work to reach equilibrium
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no energy
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low to high concentration
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sodium potassium pump: 3 sodium leave and 2 potassium enter cell against the concentration gradient
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proton pump: hydrogen atoms pumped against concentration gradient
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cotransport: H+ gradient helps to bring other molecules into cell
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endocytosis and exocytosis
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organisms without cell walls that live in hypertonic or hypotonic environment must have adaptations for osmoregulation
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the control of water balance
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pure water (hypotonic solution) will initially move into the cells
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after a period of time the cells will become turgid (swollen)
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as turgor pressure increases, water will diffuse out of the cell... eventually equilibrium will be reached
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similarities: cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm
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Prokaryotes:
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Eukaryotes:
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organelles:
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no nucleus
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nucleus
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no membrane bound organelles
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membrane bound organelles
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reproduction:
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binary fission
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mitosis and meiosis
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average size:
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smaller
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larger
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DNA:
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DNA is circular
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DNA is linear
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single chromosome
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paired chromosomes
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amount of space inside of the object
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the space inside of the cell
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unit: cm^3
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phospholipids: provides fluidity and elasticity
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proteins and other molecules embedded in membrane
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amphipathic
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hydrophilic heads
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hydrophobic tails
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integral proteins:
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peripheral proteins:
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imbedded through the membrane (inside)
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on hydrophilic portion of the cell membrane (outside)
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cell to cell recognition:
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membrane carbohydrates:
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cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another
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interact with the surface molecules of other cells, facilitating cell to cell recognition
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the tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into available space
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substances will move down a concentration gradient
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high to low concentration
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the diffusion of water
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water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic
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isotonic: equal solute across a membrane
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hypotonic: less solute, more water
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hypertonic: more solute, less water
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low to high concentration
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cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from plasma membrane
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phagocytosis: "cellular eating," engulfing solids
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pincytosis: "cellular drinking," engulfing solutes
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transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it and release their contents
|
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an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms
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endosymbiosis: one organism living inside another
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evidence 1) chloroplasts and mitochondria multiply in the same way as ancient bacteria
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evidence 2) chloroplasts and mitochondria both control their own DNA and ribosomes
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evidence 3) chloroplasts and mitochondria both have two membranes (inner membrane contains different proteins than the outer membrane)
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a comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside
|
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smaller cells have an increase SA:V
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as the cell gets bigger, the SA:V decreases
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small cells are more efficient at diffusion as they have a high ratio
|
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two main components:
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other important molecules:
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phospholipids
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cholesterol
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proteins
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carbohydrates
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intercellular joinings
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enzymatic activity
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transport (active/passive)
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cell to cell recognition
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anchorage/attachment
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signal transduction
|
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properties of molecules that can get through the phospholipid bilayer:
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properties of molecules that can not get through the phospholipid bilayer:
|
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small
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large
|
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nonpolar
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polar
|
|
nonionic
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ionic
|
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hydrophobic
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hydrophilic
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O2 and CO2
|
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transport proteins allow molecules to flow from high to low concentration
|
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aquaporins: tunnel that allows water to go through the membrane
|
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glut: glucose transporter
|
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transport proteins allow ion to flow from a high to low concentration
|
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the force responsible for movement of water in a system
|
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solute potential: determined by solute concentration
|
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pressure potential: results from exertion of pressure on membranes/walls as water moves in or out; can be positive or negative
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Plant Cell:
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Animal Cell:
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chloroplast
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cilia and flagella
|
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central vacuole
|
centrioles
|
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cell wall
|
lysosomes
|
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a system of synthesizing proteins for export
|
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1) Nucleus: transcription (DNA -> RNA) make ribosomes
|
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2) Rough ER: translation (RNA -> proteins) proteins for export
|
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3) Vesicle: transports proteins in cells
|
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4) Golgi Apparatus: process and package proteins
|
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5) Vesicle: transports proteins in cells
|
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6) Cell Membrane: exocytosis
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
