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Patterns of Distribution
Widespread of plants and human activity known as biogeography
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Biota
Total of plant and animal life
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What is Flora; Fauna; Ocean Biota
Flora is plants;Fauna are animals;Ocean Biota is planktons, nekton, Benthos
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Flow of Energy
Sun is the source in which we depend
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Photosynthesis
Food chain, and energy must be converted to be recycled
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Net Primary Production
Total amount of chemical energy stored in plants ( Reflected in the dry weight of organic materials or biomass)
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Hydrologic Cycles
Everything depends on water; Water dissolves nutrients and carries them all to parts of organism
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Two Types of Hydrologic Cycles
Transit- Transportation & Respiration. 2. Residence- To plant and animals
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The Carbon Cycle
Contains complex mixtures of Carbon Compound
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Main Components (CARBON CYCLE)
Transfer of carbon for oxygen (CO2) to living matter and back to CO2. It becomes a rapid process of years and not centuries
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The Oxygen Cycle
Building block in most organic molecules by product of plant life, include H20, Carbon Dioxide, Ozone, CO2 stored in rocks
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The Nitrogen Cycle
Limited amount of organisms can use nitrogen and it is known as nitrogen fixation.
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Other Mineral Cycle
Critical to biosphere are phosphorus, sulfur, and calcium.
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Gaseous & Sedimentary Pathways
Gaseous is interchange between biota and atmospheric ocean environment. Sedimentary are elements weathered and reaches the groundwater, returned to the ocean and is consumed by ocean organisms
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Food Chain-Who are the Producers
Plants are known as autotrophs also known as self feeders, and plants can be eaten by consumers also known as heterotrophs.Plant-eating animal are called herbivores, and are referred as primary consumers. Herbivores become food for other animals carnivores and are secondary consumers or also known as predators.
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Who are the Omnivores
Humans because we eat both plants and animals therefore we have several roles on the food chain.
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Food Pyramid
The consumer is the Apex do not conclude the pyramid because when they die they are fed to decomposers returning the nutrients to the soil to be recycled into another food pyramid.
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Evolutionary Development
Survival of the fittest. Some localized, and several scattered localities of the same genus
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Migrations and Dispersal
Animals move from one place to another, Plants move through seed dispersal.
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Reproductive Success
Heavy predation, climate change, food supply failure, changing environmental conditions
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Extinction and die-off
Range diminution; small area changes, and mass extinction
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Plant Succession
One vegetation type replaces by another
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Limiting Factor
most important variable for the survival of an organism
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Influence of Climate Change:Light
Green plants need light to survive, light changes shapes of plants. Photoperiodism stimulates seasonal plant behavior
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Influence of Climate Change;Moisture
Distribution of Biota governed more by moisture than any other factor. Biota evaluation dictated by adaptation to moisture condition
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Influence of Climate Change:Temperature
Plants have a limited tolerance for low temperature, and different species can survive in different temperatures
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Influence of Climate Change:Wind
Strong winds can be destructive to biota
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Topographic Influence
Slope and drainage, plants and animals in a plains region vastly different from a mountainous region
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Wildfires
Can be helpful for regrowth and maintaining of plant type. Complete or partial destruction of plant and death or driving away animals.
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The Crust
Can be known as Moho,
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The Mantle
The largest of the four shells.
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The Mantle Sub Layers
Lithosphere-overlying or oceanic or continental crust
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The Mantle Sub Layers
Asthenosphere- rocks are hot and can become tar
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The Mantle Sub Layers
Lower Mantle- rocks are very hot because higher pressures
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Outer Core
Molten extends 5000 KM
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Inner Core
Primarily made of iron/nickel or iron/silicate.Magnetic field of Earth controlled by outer core.Magnetic poles not the same as the axial poles
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Continental Drift
Fit of the continents, fossil evidence, rocky type and structure geology, paleoclimatic evidence,
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Minerals
Be solid, found in nature, nonliving, contains atoms arranged in a regular pattern forming solid crystals
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Rocks
Composed of many minerals: solid rock found right at the surface is called outcrop
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Bedrock and Regolith
Most of earths land area solid rock exists as a buried layer of bedrock and covered by a layer of broken rock called regolith
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Igneous Rocks
Formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock. Two Types: Putonic (Instructive)Surrounding rocks insulate the magma intrusion, slowing cooling. Volcanic (Estructive)Generally do not show individual mineral crystals, but can if the crystals are formed from shattered rock that was explosively ejected
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Sedimentary Rock
Material transported by water as sediment. Over long periods, large amounts of sediment build to large thicknesses. Two Types: ClasticComposed of fragments of preexisting rocks.Chemical and organic sedimentary rocks:Organic sedimentary rocks such as coal form from remains of dead plants and animals
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Metamorphic Rock
Rocks that were originally igneous or sedimentary and have been changed by heat and pressure. Two Types. Schist:metamorphic rocks with narrow foliations.Gneiss – broad, banded foliations
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The Rock Cycle
Processes where rocks can transition between the three rock types
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Continental and Ocean Floor Types
Ocean crust can be subducted into the athenosphere
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Isostasy
recognition of differences between oceanic crust, continental crust, and mantle
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Internal and External Geomorphic Processes
Internal – originate from within Earth, increase relief of land surface–External – originate from sources above the lithosphere, such as the atmosphere or oceans; decrease relief of land surface
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Uniformitarianism/Catastrophism
The present is the key to the past.Processes that shaped the landscape of the past are the same that will shape the future.Past thinking believed catastrophism, catastrophes shaped the land surface. (geological time)
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The Pursuit of Pattern
Major landform assemblages of the world
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Who is Alfred Wegener
Revived the Continental drift by shape, rock type, fossil assemblage, and Pangea,
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Seafloor Spreading
Movement on ocean floor, push and pull, and it came above to be in 1968
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Plate Boundaries Type 1
Divergent: Oceanic- Mid ocean rifts. Continental- Rift Valleys
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Plate Boundaries Type 2
Convergent: Continental -Continental : folded and faulted mountains.ContinentalOceanic:volcanoes and accretion. Subduction melting, mild metamorphism.OceanicOceanic:Volcanoes Island arc Deepest trenches in the world
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Transform Boundaries
San Andreas: Lateral movement of land, Does not create or destroy, Earthquakes are very common
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Hot Spots
Mantle Plume, stable over time
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HotSpots-Hawaii
Massive volcanic activity, do not occur at plate boundaries
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HotSpots-Yellowstone
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Ring of Fire
Subduction Zones: lots of Volcanoes, and lots of Earthquakes: Active volcanoes erupted within known history, Relative Time scale
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Magma Chemistry
Determines character of eruption. Felsic: High Silica, lower temp, less viscous, holds gasses. Mafic -low silica, high temps, more viscous, low gas content, flow (Hawaii’s volcanoes) Intermediate:qualities of both, generally explosive (Rainer)
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Flood Basalts
Behave like Sedimentary rock, extensive area
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Volcanic Forms: Shield Volcanoes
Shield Volcanoes, Mafic magma, very large but not steep
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Volcanic Forms: Composite Cones
Stratovolcano, Intermediate lava, Explosive, steep sides
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Volcanic Forms: Lava Domes
felsic lava, bulge outward, grows by expansion
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Volcanic Forms: Cinder Cones
produces mostly ash, associated with larger volcanic activity
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Volcanic Forms: Calderas
Collapsed volcano
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Volcanic gasses and flows
CO2 and H2SO4
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Eruption Column and Ash Fall
Fine grained Silica•Damages Lungs •Destroy motors •Icelandic Volcano 2010•Disrupted Airline travel over the north Atlantic•Large Eruptions Alter climate
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Pyroclastic Flows
Collapse of structure•Rapid downward movement of rocks and molten materials•Two parts•Rocky base •Ash and gasses on top•Immediate Local Danger
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Lahars
Volcanic Mudslides•Common on Glaciated Volcanoes•Melted Ice
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Faulting
Results from compression or extension of Earths Surface
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Faulting Normal
Extension •Fault scarp forms
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Faulting Reverse
Compression
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Faulting Thrust
Low Angle
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Faulting Strike-Slip
Lateral displacement
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Landforms Horst
Non displaced part of the fault block
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Landforms Graben
Downthrown fault block
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Landforms Rift Valley
Large areas of extension
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Seismic Waves
P waves •Faster moving •Compress and Expand the medium •S waves •Damaging •Vertical and horizontal displacement of medium •Surface Waves •Effect of energy on the land surface •Epicenter located through tracking time between waves on various seismographs
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Magnitude and Intensities
Richter Scale •Local Magnitude Scale •Significant variations in force between values•Shaking intensity •More of a qualitative measurement
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Landslide
Saturated Sediment •Trigger
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Tsunamis
Propagation of energy through the water •Can be caused by underwater landslides
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Structure Failure
Lots of work done in designing structure for resiliency •Larger challenge in developing areas
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