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*an organisms adaptations to its environment are the result of evolution
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*EXAMPLE :a beach mouses light dapple fur allows the mouse to blend into its surroundings
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*evolution is the process of change that has resulted in the astounding array of organisms found on earth
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<-- fundamental principle of biology
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BIOLOGY is the scientific study of LIFE
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* a DNA molecule holds hundreds or thousands of genes, each a stretch of DNA along the chromosome
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Genes: the units of inheritances that transmit information from parent to parent
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* as cells grow and divide, the genetic information encoded by DNA directs their development
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* a DNA molecule is made of 2 long strands arranged in a double helix
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* each link of a chain is one of 4 kinds of chemical building blocks-nucleotides: "A,T,C,G"
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* DNA provides blueprints for making proteins, the major players in building and maintains a cell
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* genes control protein production indirectly using RNA as an intermediary
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*Gene expression: the process of converting information from a gene to its cellular product
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* result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
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*they characterize non biological entities as well
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EXAMPLE: a functioning bike emerges only when all of the needed parts connect in the right way
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* biologists today complement reductionism with systems biology, the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts
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* an organisms genome is its entire set of genetic information
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* genomics: the study of sets of genes within and between species
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* proteomics refers to the study of sets of proteins and their properties
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* the entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue of organism is called proteome
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* "high-throughput" technology refers to tools that can analyze biological samples very rapidly
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* bioinformatics is the use of computational tools to store, organize and analyze the huge volume of data
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1.) ORGANELLES
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2.) CELLS
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3.) TISSUES
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4.) ORGANS
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5.) ORGAN SYSTEMS
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6.) ORGANISMS, POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
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7.) ECOSYSTEMS
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8.) BIOSPHERE
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* at each level of the biological hierarchy we find a correlation between structure and function
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS
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PROKARYOTIC CELLS
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* analyzing a biological structure can give clues about what it does and how it works
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*contain membrane enclosing organelles including DNA-containing nucleus
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* lack a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles and are generally smaller than eukaryotes
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- the cell is the smallest unit of life that can perform all activities required for life
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* some organelles like chloroplasts are limited only to certain cell types; those that carry out photosynthesis
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* energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat
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* chemical elements remain within an ecosystem, where they are used then recycled
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the concept that the organisms living today are modified descents of common ancestors
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mechanism for evolution called natural selection because the "natural environment" selects for certain traits among those in population
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
