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-Macroevolution
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the broad pattern of evolution above the species level
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-example: emergence of terrestrial vertebrates
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major periods in earth's history END with mass extinctions and new ones BEGIN with adaptive radiations!
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- mass extinctions can alter ecological communities
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evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events
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changes in morphology can also occur when there is a change in the sequence of developmental genes
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example: stickleback fish
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the gene is the same, but is expressed differently in the 2 groups of fish
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provides glimpses of evolution over billions of years
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-early: earth's sols inhabitants were prokaryotic cells at least 3.5 billion years ago
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-they transformed life on our planet!
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-periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different niches in their environment
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diversity of life fueled by adaptive radiation
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- one type hox genes provide positional information in an animal embryo
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-small changes in regulatory sequences of particular genes can lead to major changes in body form
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evolution is the result of the interactions between organisms and their current environments
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help to give us a perspective when discussing events in the contexts of geological record
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did not evolve until another 2 billions years of evolution of prokaryotes
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1.5 billion years ago
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evo-devo: research at the interface between evolutionary biology and developmental biology
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-devlopmental genes guide the formation of the body from to adult. Even a small change in rate, timing, and spatial pattern can produce major morphological differences
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an evolutionary trend does not mean that evolution is goal-oriented
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surviving species do not represent the peak of perfection. there is compromise and random chance involved as well
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
