AP Statistics Unit 3 Study Guide
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simulation
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the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the experiment under consideration
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stopping rule
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"continue selecting until ..."
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1. Select __ digit numbers to represent __.
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2. Let __ - __ represent ___ and let __ - __ represent ___.
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3. Select __ or Continue selecting ___ until ___.
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4. Record ___.
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5. Trial One : ___ ; Trial Two : ___ ; Trial Three : ___
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Alex needs a blood transfusion. She needs to find someone with B+ blood or she will die. 9% of all people have B+ blood. How many people on average would you need to check the blood type of until you find someone who can save Alex's life?
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1. Select 2-digit numbers to represent people
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2. Let 00-08 represent people with B+ blood and 09-99 represent people without B+ blood
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3. Continue selecting people until you find someone with B+ blood
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4. Record how many people you select before you find someone with B+ blood
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5. Trial One:6 ; Trial Two:16 ; Trial Three:15
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a college professor wants to survey a sample of students taking her large lecture course. There are about 150 students in the course, and 10 of those students are graduate students. She wants to take a systematic random sample of approximately 30 students. Which strategy will accomplish her intended design?
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randomly select one of the first 5 students to arrive to class, and every 5th student thereafter to take the survey.
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bias
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a systematic error in measuring the estimate that would repeatedly cause the data to be wrong
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voluntary response bias
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people select themselves to participate in the study
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nonresponse bias
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individuals who are randomly chosen for the sample cant be contacted or refuse to cooperate
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convenience sampling
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asking people who are easy to ask; convenient but not random
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under coverage bias
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some groups are left out of the selection process
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response bias
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the behavior of the respondent or interviewers causes you to get incorrect answers
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wording bias
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when wording of the question influences the answers that are given
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voluntary bias
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online polls, facebook questionnaires
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nonresponse bias
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mailed polls, new apps on phone
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convenience bias
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friendly looking people, all people at the park
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under coverage bias
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only your neighborhood, phone books
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response bias
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cosplayer asking if people think cosplay is weird
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wording
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using strong vocabulary
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population
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the entire group of individuals we want information about
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census
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a complete count of the population; when you gather general information about the entire population
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sample
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a part of the population we actually examine in order to gather information
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sampling design
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the method used to choose the sample from the population
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sampling frame
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a list of every individual in the population
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simple random sample
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every individual has an equal chance of being chosen
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stratified random sample
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population is divided into strata and then simple random sample is used on each stratum
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systematic random sample
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randomly select a number between one and n and survey every nth person after that
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cluster random sample
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randomly pick a location and sample all from that location
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multistage sample
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a combination of different sampling techniques
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simple random sample
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put the names/numbers of all ___ on slips of paper and place in a hat. Mix and randomly draw ___ slips of paper without replacement. Survey the corresponding people.
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systematic random sample
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number all ___ and place ___ numbers in a hat. Mix and randomly select one number and survey the corresponding person. Survey every nth person on the list after that.
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cluster random design
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number all clusters and put the numbers into a hat Mix and randomly select a number from the hat. Survey everyone in that cluster.
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stratified random sample
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sort everyone into strata then number ___ in all the stratum. place the numbers in a hat and draw __ numbers. survey the corresponding people in that specific stratum. repeat the process for all strata
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completely randomized design
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experimental units are assigned completely at random to treatments
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randomized block design
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experimental units are blocked in homogeneous groups and then randomly assigned to treatments
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matched pairs design
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a special type of block design; match up experimental unit according to similar characteristics and randomly assign one to treatment A and the other get treatment B automatically
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observational study
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observe outcomes without imposing any treatment
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experiment
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actively impose a randomly assigned treatment in order to observe the response
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experimental unit
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the single individual to which the different treatments are randomly assigned
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factor / explanatory variable
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what we test or what we change
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level
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a specific value or type for the factor
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response variable
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what you measure or record at the end of the experiment
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treatment
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a specific experimental condition applied to the units
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control group
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a group that is used to compare the factor against; can be placebo
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placebo
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a "dummy" treatment that can have no physical effect; not required in every experiment
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blinding
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method used so that units or evaluators do not know which treatment units are getting
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double blinding
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neither the units nor the evaluators know which treatment a subject recieved
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confounding variable
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a third variable that potentially affects both the factor and the response variable
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control the effects of extraneous variables on the response
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randomization used to assign subjects to treatments
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replication of the experiment on many subjects to quantify the natural variation in the experiment
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A consumer group wants to test cake pans to see which works the best. It will test aluminum, glass, and plastic pans in both gas and electric ovens
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experimental unit: cake batter
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factors: material of pan & type of oven
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levels: aluminum, glass, or plastic & gas or electric
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response variable: evenness of cake
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amount of treatments: six
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