Psyc 101 taste and smell Cheat Sheet

A Education › Psychology cheat sheet in English by Laraemcekroy

Sensation and perception Of taste and smell in psychology

Psychology Perception Smell Taste Sensation

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Sensing sound

Pure tone:	A simple wave that consists of regularly alternating regions of higher and lower air pressure.
frequency:	The sound wave depends on how often the peak in air pressure passes the ear or microphone, measured in cycles per second.
Pitch:	How high or low a sound is.
amplitude:	Sound wave refers to its intensity, relative to the threshold for human hearing. It’s perceived as loudness.
complexity:	Sound waves or the mixture of frequencies influenced by perception of timbre.
timbre:	The quality of sound that allows you to distinguish two sources with the same pitch and loudness.

How we experience taste

Stimuli:	When you bite into something, molecules dissolve in fluid on your tongue.
Receptors:	They are received by taste receptors in taste buds on your tongue and in your mouth and throat.
Pathway to the brain:	The taste buds transmits the single along a cranial nerve, through the thalamus to other areas of your brain.

Perceiving taste:
- Individual differences in taste perception:
_{Super-tasters} Non tasters
_{Learning, culture and experiences

- Many portions of what we commonly think of as taste actually comes from the sense of smell

- 5 basic tastes:} Salt, sour, bitter, sweet, savoury (umami)

Outer ear funnels:

- the outer ear collects sound waves and funnels them towards the middle ear
- the middle ear transmits the vibrations to the inner ear
- the inner ear is where they are transduce into neural impulses
- the middle of the ear behind the eardrum contains three small bones called ossicles
- the outer area of the ear is called the pinna

Sensing touch

- touch receptors under the skins surface enable us to sense pain, pressure, texture, patterns or vibrations
- stimuli: registers the temperature and pressure
- receptors: temperature and pressure in your skin transmit that signal
- pathway to the brain: along the cranial nerve through the thalamus to the area of the somatosensory cortex that processes the body parts that were touched

Food perception

- A multi sensory involving taste, smell and texture.
- learned preferences in food are important in determining flavour and taste experiences dramatically vary widely across individuals

Sound into neural impulses

Cochlea:	A fluid-filled tube containing cells that transduce sound vibrations into neural impulses.
Basilar membrane:	A structure in the inner ear that moves up and down in time with the vibrations relayed from the ossicles.
Travelling wave:	The up and down movement that sound causes in the basilar membrane.
Inner hair cells:	Specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane.

Somatosensation

The body senses are referred to as the somatosenses
Haptic perception:	Active exploration of the environment by touching and grasping objects with our hands.

Body position

Proprioception:	Sense of the body position.
Vestibular system:	Three fluid-filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear; used with visual feedback to maintain balance.

Neural impulses to the brain

- Action potentials in the auditory nerve travel to several regions of the brain stem in turn.
- Cerebral called area A1 - there is some evidence that the auditory cortex is composed of two distinct streams. Roughly analogous to the dorsal and ventral streams of the visual system.
~ Area A1: the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Sensation to perception

Sensation:	Pressure waves in the cochlea move the basilar membrane stimulating the sensory receptors called hair cells.
Transduction:	When the hair cells bend, they convert the pressure waves into signals that are sent to the brain by the auditory nerve.
Perception:	The auditory nerve carries the neural signal first to the thalamus and then to the primary auditory cortex, which processes your perception of the sound.

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