talks about our conscious, unconscious, dreaming, sleep and how drugs affect our conscious minds.
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Consciousness:
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A persons subjective experience of the mind and the external world.
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Your conscious perception is subjective
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Your conscious perception is the content of your experience
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How things seem to the conscious person.
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The issue on how the mind is related to the brain and body.
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Many believe you are not paying attention to many tasks, but instead rapidly switching your attention.
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Attentional blink:
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A brief slow-down in mental processing after progressing another event.
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Your brain has limited resources for paying attention.
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Intentionality:
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Is the quality of being directed towards an object.
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- Consciousness is always about something.
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Unity:
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The resistance to division or ability to accrue information from all the bodies sense.
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Selectivity:
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The capacity to include some objects but not others.
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Shown through dichotomy listening:
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- People wearing headphones hear different messages in each ear.
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- cocktail party phenomenon: people tune in some messages while tuning out others.
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Transience:
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Consciousness has the ability to change
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Mental control:
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Attempt to change conscious state of mind.
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Through suppression:
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Conscious avoidance of thought.
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Rebound effect of thought suppression:
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The tendency of a thought to return to the consciousness with greater frequency.
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Ironic processes of mental control:
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Occurs because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them.
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Unconscious processing can influence behaviour.
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When an unconscious thought is suddenly expressed at an inappropriate time or social context.
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Some might reveal unconscious thoughts and desires that can simply be cases of misremembering.
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Meditation:
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concentration meditation: you can focus on one thing at a time.
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mindfulness meditation: you let your thoughts flow freely, focus on them but not reacting.
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- it can lower blood pressure, reduce stress and changes in hormones
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- the brains electrical activity changes and correlates with positive emotional state, better attentional performance or enhanced immune function.
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Sleep:
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The pineal gland: helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by releasing melatonin
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- bright light detection by the eyes in sent to a small part of the hippocampus then to the pineal gland.
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Melatonin: travels through the bloodstream and affect receptors in the body.
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Bright lights suppresses the production of melatonin, where darkness triggers the release.
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When you sleep your brain enters different states from when you are awake and active.
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Insomnia:
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Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
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Nights when you want to sleep most causes you to become extra sensitive to sleepiness making it harder for you to fall asleep.
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Sleep apnea:
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A person stops breathing for a brief period while sleeping.
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Narcolepsy:
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A disorder where sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities.
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Sleep paralysis:
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Experience of waking up, but being unable to move.
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Usually happens when your awake, but before you’ve regained motor control.
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Sleep terrors:
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Episodes of screaming, having intense fear while sleeping.
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Somnambulism:
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Sleepwalking. People usually walk with their eyes open.
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Two dissimilar images are presented simultaneously to each eye and your conscious perception alternates.
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Although you see all these things, you are only consciously aware of a few.
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Attending to one thing while ignoring others.
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You only consciously experience the content of the text you pay attention to.
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When you try to ignore many of the things and events around you to focus on one.
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The stimuli you try to ignore are distractions that must be eliminated or excluded.
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The mental process of eliminating those distractions is called filtering or selecting.
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Some people lose their vision due to damages to their primary visual cortex.
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Some find a “second sight.” Their unconscious mins guide their behaviour correctly.
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Minimal consciousness:
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A low-level of sensory awareness. Occurs when the mind inputs sensations and outputs behaviours.
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Full consciousness:
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You know and are able to report your mental state.
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Self-consciousness:
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A distinct level of consciousness in a person towards themselves.
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Coma:
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Deep sleep state, no response to things.
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Vegetive state:
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Regular periods of time when people appear to be “awake.”
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Minimally conscious state:
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People can respond but inconsistently to sensory stimulation.
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Dynamic unconscious:
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Contain thoughts, feelings, and desires that were denied to conscious awareness because of psychological force.
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Repression:
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Removes all unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious.
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Cognitive unconscious:
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Gives rise to a persons thoughts, choices, emotions and behaviours, even though they are not experienced by the person.
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Dual process theories:
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We have two different systems in our brain for processing information.
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Dreams hold meaning:
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Could be anxiety related or wishes.
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Latent content:
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A dreams true meaning.
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Activation-synthesis model:
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The brain imposes meaning on fandoms neural activity.
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Your brain is smart enough to realize its not actually seeing those weird images, but instead dreaming.
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The motor cortex, visual association, brain stem and more are activated during REM sleep.
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The prefrontal cortex is deactivated during REM sleep.
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Depressants:
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Substances that reduce the activity of the CNS.
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Expectancy theory:
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Alcohol effects can be produced by peoples expectations of how alcohol will influence them in certain situations.
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Alcohol myopia theory:
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Hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to difficult situations.
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Stimulants:
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Substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity levels
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- caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, and cocaine.
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Coma:
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Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. When people emerge from a coma; do not respond to external stimuli for more than a month.
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Brain death:
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Irreversible loss of brain function.
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The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
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We lack the ability to directly perceive the consciousness of others
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People cannot report the contents of the message in the unattended ear, but:
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They know that there was a message
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They know the gender of the speaker.
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Some superficial nature of the speech.
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Disorder of attention.
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Deficit in attention to and awareness of one side of the visual field.
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They often have no sensory loss. No visual deficit.
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Kept neglect is more common:
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Caused by the left side of the brain
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Some brain regions in the parietal and temporal lobes are associated with neglect.
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Egocentric neglect:
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Never “sees” what is on their left side even when they change perspective.
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Allocentric neglect:
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Never “sees” the left side of any object.
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Motor neglect:
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Failure to move one side of the body when there is no paralysis.
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Tactile neglect:
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Inattention to tactile stimuli on one side of the body.
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Auditory neglect:
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Inattention to sounds on one side of space.
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Altered state of consciousness:
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A change in ones normal mental state as a result of trauma or accident or included through medication, drugs, etc.
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Circadian rhythm:
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A naturally occurring 24 hour cycle.
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A state of consciousness in which random thoughts come to mind
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Your brain is always active
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Default mode network:
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Activations of brain areas when people day dream
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When you are working on mental/cognitive tasks, DMN tents to decrease.
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The DMN is also connected to our feelings and self-perception. It plays a role in overall happiness.
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Mindfulness meditation is an effective way to reduce DMN activity.
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Priming:
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When the response to a stimulus is influenced by recent experience with that stimulus.
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- it can influence how you perceive an object.
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Subliminal perception:
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When stimuli are processed by sensory systems, but does not reach the conscious.
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Psychoactive drugs:
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Chemicals that influence consciousness behaviour by altering the brains chemical message system.
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Drug tolerance:
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tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect.
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Physical dependence:
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Unpleasant physical symptoms from withdrawal due to drug use.
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Psychological dependence:
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Desire to return to drugs even when physical symptoms are gone.
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Narcotics ad opiates:
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Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieves pain.
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- reroutes the endorphins. These temporarily flood the endorphins and stop them from producing natrually.
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Hallucinogens:
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Later sensation and perception and often causes visual and auditory hallucinogens.
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Weed:
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Contains psyc active drugs called tetrahydrocannabinol.
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