|
Definiteness
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
|
NC1
|
DEF
|
...-wa
|
...-un
|
|
INDEF
|
ekzon* / uggwa ...
|
okkol ...
|
|
|
NC2
|
DEF
|
...-an
|
...-un
|
|
INDEF
|
ekkan ...
|
okkol ...
|
|
Definiteness
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
|
NC1
|
DEF
|
manuššwa "the man"
|
manuššun "the men"
|
|
fúllwa "the flower"
|
fúllun "the flowers"
|
||
|
INDEF
|
ekzon manuš "a man"
|
manuš okkol "men"
|
|
|
uggwa fúl "a flower "
|
fúl okkol "flowers"
|
||
|
NC2
|
DEF
|
górgan "the house"
|
górgun "the houses"
|
|
INDEF
|
ekkan gór "a house"
|
gór okkol "houses"
|
|
Cases
|
Suffixes (marked by)
|
Usage
|
|
Absolutive (ABS)
|
bare form/unmarked
|
Subject of intransitive clause, Direct Object of transitive clause
|
|
Ergative (ERG)
|
-e
|
Subject of transitive clause, indicates the agent of action
|
|
Genitive (GEN)
|
-r
|
Possessor
|
|
Dative (DAT)
|
-re
|
Object
|
|
Ablative (ABL)
|
-ttu
|
indicates movement away from, Possessor in a possessive predicate
|
|
Locative (LOC)
|
-t
|
spatial "in/at," movement toward "to"
|
|
Benefactive (BEN)
|
-lla
|
Oblique, for, intended for
|
|
Instrumental (INST)
|
-e
|
indicates "by means of"
|
|
Singular
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
|
Cases
|
Nouns, ending in vowel
|
Nouns, ending in consonant
|
All nouns
|
|
ABS
|
fuwa "child"
|
šohor "city"
|
... okkol
|
|
ERG
|
fuwa(y)e
|
bafe "father"
|
... okkole
|
|
GEN
|
fuwar
|
šohor(o)r
|
... okkol(o)r
|
|
DAT
|
fuware
|
šohor(o)re
|
... okkol(o)re
|
|
ABL
|
fuwattu
|
šohor(o)ttu
|
... okkol(o)ttu
|
|
LOC
|
bisanat "in bed"
|
šohor(o)t
|
... okkol(o)t
|
|
BEN
|
fuwalla
|
šohor(o)lla
|
... okkol(o)lla
|
|
INST
|
gari(y)e "by car"
|
-
|
gari okkole
|
|
When the stem ends with a consonont and the suffix starts with a consonant, -o will be inserted. When the stem ends with a vowel and the suffix starts with a vowel, -y is inserted. Examples:
šohor + -r šohoror fuwa + -e fuwaye |
|
When the noun stem ends with the glides ai and ou, the consonants -y and -w will be inserted between the noun stem and the case marker, respectively. Because of syllable constraint, -o is inserted before the case marker. Examples:
bái + r báiyor "brother's" bou + r bouwor "wife's" |
|
Subjective
|
Objective
|
||
|
Gloss
|
Ergative
|
Gloss
|
Dative
|
|
I
|
ãi
|
me
|
ãre
|
|
you*
|
tui
|
you*
|
tore
|
|
you**
|
tũi
|
you**
|
tũware
|
|
he
|
hite
|
him
|
hitare
|
|
she
|
hiba
|
her
|
hibare
|
|
we
|
ãra
|
us
|
ãrare
|
|
you
|
tũwara
|
you
|
tũwarare
|
|
they
|
hitara
|
them
|
hitarare
|
|
Possessive
|
Oblique
|
||
|
Gloss
|
Genitive
|
Gloss
|
Ablative
|
|
my / mine
|
ãr
|
to/from me
|
ãttu
|
|
your* / yours
|
tor
|
to/from you*
|
tottu
|
|
your** /yours
|
tũwar
|
to/from you**
|
tũwattu
|
|
his
|
hitar
|
to/from him
|
hitattu
|
|
her / hers
|
hibar
|
to/from her
|
hibattu
|
|
our / ours
|
ãrar
|
to/from us
|
ãrattu
|
|
your / yours
|
tũwarar
|
to/from you
|
tũwarattu
|
|
their / theirs
|
hitarar
|
to/from them
|
hitarattu
|
|
Oblique object
|
|
|
Gloss
|
Benefactive
|
|
for me
|
ãlla
|
|
for you*
|
tolla
|
|
for you**
|
tũwalla
|
|
for him
|
hitalla
|
|
for her
|
hiballa
|
|
for us
|
ãralla
|
|
for you
|
tũwaralla
|
|
for them
|
hitaralla
|
|
Hibaye
|
bat
|
rander.
|
|
|
3SGF-ERG
|
rice-ABS
|
cook-PRES.3
|
|
|
she
|
rice
|
cook
|
|
|
Tome
|
górot
|
giye.
|
|
Tom-ERG
|
house-LOC
|
go-PAST.3
|
|
Tom (Agent)
|
to house
|
went.
|
|
Hite
|
ei
|
kitabwa
|
kinne.
|
|
3SGM-ERG
|
DEM.PROX
|
book-NC2.ABS
|
buy-PAST.3
|
|
he
|
this
|
book
|
bought
|
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
