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The reduced ability to swallow, caused by neurological or structural damage, leading to an interference with the efficiany that food and liquid move from the mouth to the stomach.
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Mechanical
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Neurological
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Psychological
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Oesophageal stricture
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Stroke
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Globus Hystericus
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Oesophageal spasm
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Parkinson's
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Severe anxiety
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Cancers in the head, neck and oesophageal areas
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Motor neurone disease
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Severe depression
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Cancer treatments including radiotheraphy, surgery in the neck and head area
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Head injury
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Pharyngeal pouch
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Multiple sclerosis
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Injury or surgery to the tongue, lips, mouth or jaw
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Cerebral palsy
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Severe infections of the mouth or throat (oral thrush or ulcers)
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Dementia
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Postural problems (severe kyphosis)
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Huntingtons disease
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Drug induced (psychotropic drugs)
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Xray
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Dynamic swallowing study - OT
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Endoscopy
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Fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)
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Oesophageal muscle test
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Imaging scans
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Choking
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Malnutrition
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Dehydration
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Weight loss
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Aspiration pneumonia
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Signs and Symptoms
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Pain while swallowing
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Not being able to swallow
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Feeling as though food is stuck in the throat or chest or behind the breastbone
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Drooling
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Hoarseness
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Food coming back up
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Frequent heartburn
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Food and stomach acid backing up into the throat
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Weight loss
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Coughing or gagging when swallowing
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Texture modification of food and liquid.
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HPHE
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Avoiding hard, crunchy or stringy foods.
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monitoring the position of PT while they are eating
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smaller more frequent meals
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Safe swallowing (small bites, chew thoroughly)
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Encourage consistent fluid intake
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Promote oral hygiene
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Fortification of foods
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Between-meal snacks
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