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About the natural world
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Investigated using evidence of our senses
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EG. Taller boys have larger hands
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EG. High-sugar soft drinks contribute to heart conditions
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Something doesn't have to be true to be an Empirical statement as long as theoretically it could be proved of disproved
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Not Empirical if it relates to ethics, maths etc.
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ACCURACY
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Proximity of a measurement to its true value
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PRECISION
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Proximity of several measurements to each other
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UNCERTAINTY
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Try and estimate measured quantity to one decimal place smaller than the lowest graduation on a scale
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EG. On a ruler with cm and mm read to 3.74
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EG. If balance weighs mass to the nearest gram there is an uncertainty reading of +- 0.5g
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Mode - highest - lowest score
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Median - Middle score
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Mean - Average
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Standard deviation - SD = √ ∑ (mean – x)2 / n - 1
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VALID
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If the truth of the premise (opening statements) guarantees truth of conclusion
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SOUND
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If argument is valid and premises are true
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EG. All fruit have seeds, some breakfast foods are fruit, therefore, some breakfast foods have seeds = valid and sound
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EG. All fish can talk, some birds are fish, therefore, some birds can talk = Valid but unsound
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EG. All fruit are edible foods, some edible foods are breakfast foods, therefore, some breakfast foods and fruit = Invalid and unsound
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To be a sound argument, it must be a valid one, even if premises are true
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Factors that affect results
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Independent or experimental variable is changed (on the X axis of a graph
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Controls are kept the same
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Dependent variable is beings measured (on the Y axis of a graph)
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Single - number of favourable outcomes/number of equally likely outcomes
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2 or more - Probability of one X probability of the other
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A or B -probability of a X probability of B - probability of A and B
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CONVERSIONS BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS
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Micrometer = 0.001mm
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Millimeter = 0.001m
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Centimeter = 10mm
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Meter = 100cm
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Decimeter = 10cm or 1/10 of a meter
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Kilometer = 1000m
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Megameter = 1000km
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Gigameter = 1000000km
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Kelvin = degrees celcius + 273
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All non-zero digits are significant
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Zeros between non-zero digits are significant
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Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant eg. 0.00234
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Zeros at the end of a number are significant if there is a decimal in the number eg. 560.00
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Only round at final step of equation
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Round to least significant decimal place/figure
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Conversion between units = given units X desired/given = desired
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
