A brief explanation for psychologists in the following units: issues and debates, relatioinships, schizophrenia, aggression.
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FREUD
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alpha bias e.g. (theory of moral development), psychic determinism e.g. (unconscious conflicts repressed in childhood)
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MILGRAM
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beta bias e.g. (only male participants)
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VAN IJZENDOORN & KROONENBURG
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consider culture in conclusion
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AINSWORTH
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strange situation = ethnocentric, imposed etic
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DESCARTES
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born equipped with understanding of key concepts
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LOCKE
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tubula rosa (blank slate)
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GESTALT psychologists
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whole greater than the sum of it's parts
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RADFORD & KIRBY
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general principles of laws
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SKINNER
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establishing principles e.g. (operant conditioning)
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EYESENCK
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establishing dimensioins e.g. (personality measurement)
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RAINE
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e.g. of social sensitivity
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BOWLBY
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attachment research conducted on mothers => consequences
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TAKANO & OSAKA
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comparing USA & Japan
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AINSWORTH
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attachment types = culturally relative
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EKMAN
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facial expressions universal
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SOON et al
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press button? know 10 secs before aware
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ALTMAN & TAYLOR
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social penetration theory
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DION et al
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attractive people ratedas kind, strong & successful
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WALSTER et al
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matching hypothesis
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KERCKHOFF & DAVIS
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filter theory
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THIBAULT & KELLEY
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social exchange theory
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WALSTER et al
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equity theory
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RUSBULT
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investment model
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DUCK
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phase model
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SPROULL & KIESLER
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reduced cues theory
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WALTHER
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hyperpersonal model
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MCKENNA & BERGH
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absence of gating
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MALTBY et al
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levels of parasocial relationships
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MCCUTCHEON
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absorption-addiction model
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BOWLBY
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attachment theory explanation (early attachment)
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AINSWORTH
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attachment theory (insecure-resistant=more likely)
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BUSS
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survey -> emphasis on characteristics diff. between males and females
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CLARK & HATFIELD
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q: 'i find you attractive, would you go to bed with me tonight?'
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SINGH
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0.7 waist to hip ratio indicates fertility
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MILLER et al
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lap dance study
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SPRECHER & HENDRICK
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rel. satisfaction and self-disclosure
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TANG et al
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china -> self-disclosure less likely to => rel. satisfaction
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DUCK
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phase model
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PALMER & PETERSON
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physically attractive rated more politically knowledgeable & competent
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TOWHEY
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sexist belief => more likely desire phy. att.
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WALSTER et al
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preferred more phy. att.
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FEINGOLD
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similarity between ratings of att. in actual couples
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KERCKHOFF & DAVIS
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short and long-term importance in filters
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WINCH
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similarity typical to beginning attraction
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LEVINGER
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social change prevented replication
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ANDERSON et al
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older partners = diff. filter order
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CLARK & MILLS
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exchange & communal rel.
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WALSTER et al
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equity theory
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UTNE et al
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survey, equitable = more satisfied
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AUMER-RYAN et al
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cultural influences (individualistic & collectivist)
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HUSEMAN et al
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benevolents
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LE & AGNEW
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greatest commitment => most stable, long- lasting
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RUSBULT
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commited 'battered' women more likely return
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GOODFRIEND & AGNEW
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invest in future plans
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ROLLIE & DUCK
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added resurrection
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AKERT
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person who initiates sufferers less
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KELLIN
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gender diff. in late phases
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WALTHER & TIDWELL
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non verbal cues not absent but diff.
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PAINE et al
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self disclosure depends on type of CMC
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WHITTY & JOINSON
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online q = more direct, intimate
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MCKENNA & BARGH
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lonely & socially anxious people able too express true selves
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MALTBY et al
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link: celebrity worship & body image in girls
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MCCUTCHEON et al
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insecure attachments no more likely to form parasocial rel.
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SCHMID & KLIMMT
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similar attachment to Harry Potter in individualist & collectivist culture
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GOTTESMAN
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genetic similarity correlates with sz
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RIPKE et al
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108 separate genetic variations
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JUCKEL et al
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negative correlation between ventral striatum activity and overall negative symptoms
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ALLEN et al
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auditory hallucinations = lower superior temporal gyrus & anterior cingulate gyrus activity
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FROMM-REICHMANN
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schizophrenogenic mothers
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BATESON et al
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double-bind theory
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FRITH et al
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metarepresentation, central control
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PHARAOH et al
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family therapy strategies
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MEEHL
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original diathesis-stress model
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CHENIAUX et al
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poor inter-rater reliability in diagnosing
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ROSENHAN
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being sane in insane places
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COTTON et al
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males diagnosed more often
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BUCKEY et al
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50% diagnosed with sz & depression
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TIENARI et al
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adopted children still at risk
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MELTZER et al
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clozapine more effective than typical
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GOLDMAN-RAKIC et al
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low dopamine in pre-frontal cortex => sz
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READ et al
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69% women = history of abuse
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JAUHAR et al
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CBT = small significance
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PHARAOH et al
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family theapy = moderately effective
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TIENARI et al
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diathesis = genes & trauma
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GOSPIC et al
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ultimate game
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MANN et al
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dexenfluramine
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KLINESMITH et al
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pellet gun/mouse trap => chilli sause
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COCCARO et al
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twin study -> concordance in physical agg.
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RHEE & WALDMAN
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adoption study -> genetic more prominent
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BRUNNER et al
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Brunner syndrome in Dutch family
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TINBERGEN
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stickleback fish models
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WILSON & DALY
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mate retention strategies
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SHACKLEFORD et al
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correlation: men using retention strategies & women reporting violence
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DOLLARD et al
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frustration-aggression
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GEEN
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jigsaw puzzle
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BANDURA
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social learning theory
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BANDURA et al
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bobo doll study
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ZIMBARDO
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de-individuation -> part of crowd
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PRENTICE-DUNN & ROGERS
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private & public self-awareness
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DODD
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not responsible, do anything?
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IRWIN & CRESSEY
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dispositional explanation/ importation model
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DELISI et al
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juvenile delinquents imported diff. characteristics, correlation: played violent games & agg. behaviour
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CLEMMER
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situational explanation/ deprivation model
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STEINER
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inmate violence more common with diff. types of people
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BARTHOLOW & ANDERSON
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experiment: violent vs non-violent game
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ROBERTSON et al
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longitudinal: TV = predict agg.
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KRAHE et al
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desensitisation: arousal with violent or non-violent film
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FISCHER & GREITEMEYER
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songs derogatory towrds women
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RAINE
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APD = less grey matter
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RAYLEIGH et al
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vervet monkeys - diet high in tryptophan
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CASES et al
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genetically engineered mice
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COOPER
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FAP universal in pit vipers
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NESBITT
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southern US more agg. when insulted
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BUSHMAN
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vented agg. => more agg.
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BERKOWITZ
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jealousy, pain & loneliness can => agg., frustration creates readiness
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PHILLIPS
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increased violence in week following a major boxing match
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JOHNSON & DOWNING
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KKK most electric shocks, nurses least
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GERGEN et al
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dark room study
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FRANCIS et al
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internet violence
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HARER & STEFFENSMEIER
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inmates: black-> violence, white-> drug abuse
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DILULIO
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administrative control model (ACM)
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HENSLEY et al
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allowed prison visits & sexual contact
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PRZYBYLSKI et al
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complexity = confounding variable
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FREUD
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viewing agg. release agg. impulses
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BERKOWITZ & ALIOTO
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film showing agg. as vengeance (justified)
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FISCHER & GREITEMEYER
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negative lyrics against males
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