I used Fundaments of Nursing by Yoost & Crawford & Medical-Surgical Nursing by Ignatavicius, Workman, Rebar, & Heimgartner to complete this cheat sheet.
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Metabolism
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The process of chemically changing nutrients, such as fats & proteins, into end products that are used to meet the energy needs of the body or stored for future use, thereby helping maintain homeostasis
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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The minimum amount of energy required to maintain body functions in the resting, awake state
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Anabolism
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The use of energy to change simple materials into complex body substances & tissue
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Catabolism
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The breaking down of substances from complex to simple, resulting in a release of energy
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Macronutrients
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Nutrients that are needed in large amounts
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Micronutrients
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Nutrients that are needed by the body in limited amounts
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Chyme
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Semiliquid product of digestion that travels from the stomach through the intestines
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Peristalsis
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Wavelike muscular movement through the digestive tract
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty Swallowing
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Marasmus
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A protein & caloric deficiency
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Kwashiorkor
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Lack of protein accompanied by fluid retention
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Hyperlipidemia
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Elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, or both
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Cachexia
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Physical wasting
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Definition
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Chemical substances composed of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen molescules
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Function
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Major suppliers of energy & include sugars, starches, & fiber
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Simple
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Are broken down & absorbed quickly, providing a quick source of energy
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Ex: sugars, such as those derived from fruit (fructose), table sugar (sucrose), milk products (lactose) & blood sugar (glucose)
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Complex
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Take longer to break down before absorption & use by the body's cells
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Are composed of starches, glycogen, & fiber
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Provide the body with vitamins & minerals
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Fiber
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Is a complex carb & classified as soluble or insoluble
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Solubility refers to the disposition of the fiber when mixed with another substance
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Insoluble fiber doesn't retain water but allows formation of bulk, resulting in the accelerated passage of the end products of food through the intestines & a slowing of starch absorption
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Soluble fiber mixes with water & forms gel-like substance, which results in slower digestion
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Lack of fiber can lead to bowel-related conditions, such as constipation, hemorrhoids, & formation of diverticula
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The presence of protrusions of the intestinal membrane through the muscular layer of the intestine is called diverticulosis
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Definition
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Composed of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen & yield 9 kilocalories per gram when metabolized with the body
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Lipids
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Refer to any fat within the body, including true fats & oils (such as fatty acids, cholesterol, & phospholipids)
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Function
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Needed for energy& to support cellular growth
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Benefits
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Energy production, support & insulation of major organs & nerve fibers, energy storage of adipose tissue, lubrication for body tissues, vitamin absorption, & transportation of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K)
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Triglycerides
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The most abundant lipids in food
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Although it's important to have a limited intake of triglycerides, an excess can be unhealthy, contributing to health problems such as coronary artery disease & obesity
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Saturated Fatty Acids
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Contain as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms can bond with & no double carbon bonds
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Sources include hard margarines, vegetable shortenings, pastries, crackers, fried foods, cheese, ice cream, & other processed foods
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Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
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Have only 1 double bond between carbon atoms
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Sources include canola, olive, & peanut oils, as well as almonds, sesame seeds, avocados, & cashews
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Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
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Have multiple pairs of double carbon bonds
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Sources include corn , safflower, sesame, soybean, & sunflower seed oils, & fish (such as halibut herring, mackerel, salmon, sardines, fresh tuna, trout, & whitefish)
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Transfats
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Composed of partially hydrogenated fatty acids, & saturated fats
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Known to raise the body's total cholesterol
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Cholesterol
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A waxy, fatlike substance that is found in all cells of the body
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~75% is produced by the liver & intestines; the remaining 25% is from dietary intake
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Function
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Actively participate in the development, maintenance, & repair of the body's tissues, organs, & cells
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Amino Acids
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Referred to as the "building blocks" of proteins
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
