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ATP & ADP
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ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added
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Energy is used and it turns back into ADP-repeat
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Carbs make ATP the most
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Fats store the most NRG
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Proteins are the least likely to be broken down to make ATP
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Lactic acid fermentation
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Alcoholic fermentation
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occurs in muscle
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1. glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation
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1. glycolysis splits glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules
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2. NRG from 2 NADH is used to split 2 pyruvate into 2 alcohol molecules and 2 CO2
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2. 2 pyruvates and 2 NADH enter fermentation
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3. NADH is recycled back into NAD+
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3. NRG from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid
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4. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
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NADH changed back to NAD+
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used in food production and by bacteria
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Photosynthesis
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Cell respiration
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in chloroplasts
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in mitochondria
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reactants- CO2, water, NRG
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reactants- sugar, oxygen, NRG
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ETC-thylakoid membrane
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ETC- inner membrane
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chem rxn cycles-calvin cycle
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krebs cycle
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products- sugar, oxygen
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CO2, water, ATP
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light-dependent rxn/ Stage 1
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Stage 2/Calvin Cycle/light-indep
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grana- stacks of coin shaped membranes; each compartment is called a thylakoid
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stroma-fluid that surrounds grana-stage 2: light indep
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grana-stage 1- light dependent reactions
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1. CO2 molecules are added to 5 carbon molecules=6 carbon molecule
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Stage 1: sunlight is absorbed, NRG transferred along thylakoid membrane to stage 2-oxygen released.
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2. NRG from stage 1 is used by enzymes to split 6 carbon into 2 3 carbons
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photosystem 2- capture and transfer NRG
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3. 1 high NRG 3 carbon molecule leaves cycle. After 2 3 carbon molecules have left, they bonf together to make a 6 carbon molecule
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1. e- enter ETC
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2. e- and H+ are released and O is released as a waste
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3. e- move from protein to protein releasing NRG to pump H+ ions in thylakoid
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photosystem 1- captures NRG & produces NRG carrying molecules
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4. e- are energized and leave the thylakoid membrane
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5. NADPH is transferred to light indep rxn
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6. concentration of H+ ions is higher inside thylakoid membrane
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6 cont. difference is called chemiosmotic gradient & stores NRG-ions flow through protein channel by diffusion
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7. adds phosphate group to ADP as H+ ions flow through
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glycolysis
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Krebs Cycle
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Electron transport chain
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Does not require oxygen
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produces NRG carrying molecules
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uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP
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splits glucose into 2 three carbon molecules
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1. pyruvate is broken down
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H+ ions flow through protein channel in membrane
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produces 2 ATP molecules
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2. intermediate molecule enters w?/ CoA
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ATP synthase produces ATP
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3. citric acid is formed
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water is formed when oxygen picks up e- and H+ ions
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4. citric acid is broken down, CO2 is released, NADh is made
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5. 5-carbon molecule is broken down, CO2 is released, NADH & ATP are made
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6. 4-carbon molecule is rearranged, NADH and FADH2 are made
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takes place in the matrix
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