Cheatsheet for chapters 11,12, and 14 of AP Psychology
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Abraham Maslow
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Analyzed how motives affect us
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Albert Bandura
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Conducted research on personality, behavior therapy, and aggression
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Albert Ellis
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Came up with catastrophic thinking and said it leads to problematic emotional reactions
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Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess
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Said nature and nurture affected a child's temperament
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Alfred Adler
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Studied individual psychology, striving for superiority, and compensation
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Carl Jung
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Coined archetypes, introversion, extroversion, personal/collective unconscious
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Carl Rogers
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Founder of humanism that emphasized personal growth
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Erik Erikson
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Said people evolve through 8 stages marked by a fundamental question
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Hans Eysenck
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Said all aspects of personality emerge from extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
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Hans Selye
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First to identify and name stress in 1940s
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Harry Harlow
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Conducted experiment of monkeys to show relationship between caregiving and companionship
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Janice Kiecolt-Glaser
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Related stress to suppressed immune activity
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Jean Piaget
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Theory about how kids view the world and proposed four stages of cognitive development
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Jerome Kagan
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Focused on childhood fear and came up with inhibited (shy) and uninhibited (bold) personalities
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Lev Vygotsky
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Tested the effects of culture and communication on development
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Focused on moral development and made the moral development of the sick wife and stealing
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Martin Seligman
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Came up with the theory of learned helplessness
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Mary Ainsworth
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Studied attachment styles between child and caregiver; experiment on attachment styles
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Meyer Friedmpan and Ray Rosenman
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Found the positive correlation between heart conditions and Type A personality
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Richard Lazarus
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Made a scale to handle every day hassle stress
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Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
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Came up with the big five personalities
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Robin DiMatteo
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Said people delay seeing a specialist because they're afraid of it being nothing, downplay symptoms, don't want to bother a doctor, or are too busy
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Shelley Taylor
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Concluded that females have a "tend and befriend" response rather than "fight of flight"
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Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
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Developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to measure life changes as forms of stress
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Walter Cannon
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One of the first people to describe fight or flight
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Walter Mischel
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Chief contributor to personality theory and focused on situational factors and behavior
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Minnesota Multiphasic
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Tests for abnormal personality styles
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Personality Inventory
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Self-report questionnaire that asks about a person's life to make generalizations about them
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Projective Tests
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Participants respond to vague stimuli that may reveal things about them
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Rorschach Test
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Participants shown vague inkblots that allow psychologists to trace their train of thought
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Self Report Invetories
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Personality tests that ask questions about one's behavior
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Approach-Approach
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Choosing between two attractive/desirable options
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Approach-Avoidance
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Choosing an option that has both positive and negative attributes
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Avoidance-Avoidance
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Choosing between two unattractive/undesirable options
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1 (Hope)
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Trust vs. Mistrust
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0-18 months
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2 (Will)
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Freedom vs. Shame/Doubt
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1.5-3 years
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3 (Purpose)
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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3-5 years
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4 (Competency)
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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5-13 years
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5 (Fidelity)
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Identity vs. Confusion
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13-21 years
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6 (Love)
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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21-39 years
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7 (Care)
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Generativity vs. Self Absorption
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40-65 years
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8 (Wisdom)
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Integrity vs. Despair
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65+
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Sensorimotor
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Object permanence established
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0-24 months
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Preoperational
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Centration and egocentrism established
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2-7 years
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Concrete Operational
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Decentration, reversibility, and conservation established
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7-11 years
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Formal Operational
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Abstraction developed
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11+ years
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Preconventional
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Punishment and naive reward
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0-4 years
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Conventional
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Conformity and authority
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4-13 years
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Post Conventional
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Social contract and individual principles
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13+ years
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Neuroticism
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Conscientiousness
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Extraversion
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Agreeableness
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Openness
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Age of Viability
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Age at which babies can survive if a premature birth were to happen; Currently 26-28 weeks
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Embryonic Stage
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Second stage of prenatal development; 2 weeks-8 weeks
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Problems associated with excessive drinking during pregnancy
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Fetal Stage
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Third stage of prenatal development; 2 months- birth
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Germinal Stage
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First phase of prenatal development; conception- 2 weeks
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Placenta
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Allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into fetus from mom and for waste to exit
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Prenatal Period
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Extends from conception to birth
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Teratogen
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External factors that can negatively affect a baby negatively
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Zygote
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One celled organism formed by union of sperm and egg
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Gender
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Culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity
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Gender Differences
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Actual differences between sexes in behavior and ability
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Gender Roles
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Expectations about what's appropriate for each sex
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Gender Stereotypes
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Wildly help beliefs about male and female abilities, personality traits, and behaviors
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Menarche
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First menstruation cycle
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Primary Sex Characteristic
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Structures needed for reproduction
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Puberty
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Period of sexual maturation where one is able to reproduce
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Pubescence Secondary
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Secondary sex characteristics (ex. breasts)
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Sex Characteristics
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Physical or behavioral traits that indicate biological sex
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Spermarche
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First occurrence of ejaculation
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Sex
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Biologically based categories of male and female
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Altruism
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Selfless actions done for the sake of someone else
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Archetypes
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Thought forms with a universal meaning
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Compensation
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Trying to overcome inferiorities by developing one's abilities
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Determinism
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Behavior is fully determined by environment
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Incongruence
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Inconsistency between personality and disposition
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Reciprocal Determinism
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Internal mental events, external environment, and overt behaviors affect one another
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Self-Actualizing Persons
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People with exceptionally healthy personalities with constant personal growth
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Self-Concept
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Belief's about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
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Self-Efficacy
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One's beliefs about oneself and one's capabilities
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Striving for Superiority
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Universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges
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Superiority
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Being equal to or above others
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Aggression
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Behavior intended to harm someone either physically or mentally
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Burnout
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Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and low self-efficacy brought on by work-related stress
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Catharsis
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Release of emotional tension
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Constructive Coping
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Healthful efforts made to cope with stress
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Coping
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Efforts made to master, reduce, or tolerate demands made by stress
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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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States that there is a correlation between frustration and aggression
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Immune Response
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Body's defensive reaction to invasion by foreign substances
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Internet Addiction
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Spending a lot of time on the internet and not being able to control it
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Learned Helplessness
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Behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable events
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Psychosomatic Diseases
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Psychical illnesses caused by stress and other psychological factors
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Resilience
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Successful adaptation to stress/trauma because of less negative outcomes
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Anxious-Ambivalent
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Never 100% happy, anxious with mom and drama without mom
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Attachment
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Close bonds established between baby and caregiver
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Avoidant
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Indifferent
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Difficult Temperament
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Colic, upset babies, schedule not flexible at all; 10% of babies
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Easy Temperament
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Happy, flexible schedule for eating and sleeping; 40% of babies
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Mixed Temperament
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More than one temperament; 35% of babies
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Secure
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Happy with mom, drama without mom
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Separation Anxiety
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Distress caused to children when they're separated from someone they're attached to
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Slow to Warm Up Temperament
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Schedule not as flexible but not super hard to change; 15% of babies
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Tempermant
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One's mood, activity, and emotional reactivity
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Cephalocaudel Trend
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Head to foot development of motor skills
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Cognitive Development
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Transition in pattern of thinking for young people which includes reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
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Cohort Effects
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Age group differences occur when both generations grow up in different time periods
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Conservation
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Awareness that physical quantities remain constant despite change in shape
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Development
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Sequence of age related changes from conception to death
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Developmental Norms
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Typical age at which behaviors and abilities are displayed
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Egocentrism
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Only understanding things from one's POV
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Irreversibility
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Inability to envision the reversal of an action
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Maturation
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Development that shows the unfolding of DNA
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Motor Development
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Muscular coordination development needed for physical activity
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Object Permanence
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Able to understand something exists even when it is not directly visible
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Proximodistal Trend
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Center-outward direction of motor development
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Socialization
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Acquisition of norms and behaviors expected in society
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Stage
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Developmental period where patterns of behaviors are shown and capacities are established
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Temperament
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One's mood, activity, and emotional reactivity
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Zone of Proximal Development
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Questions answered with help- questions answered alone
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Collective Unconscious
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Latent memory from one's past which is shaped amongst a group of people (ex. 9/11)
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Conscious
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Whatever one is aware of at a given time
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Ego
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Decision making part of personality that relies on reality
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Id
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Instinctive component of personality that works with pleasure
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Personal Unconscious
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Oppressed memory which is unique to one person
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Pleasure Principle
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Wants immediate gratification; part of Id
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Preconscious
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Just beneath the surface of awareness that is easily retrievable
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Reality Principle
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Delay's Id's gratification until proper outlets and locations are found
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Superego
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Moral part of personality that deals with rights and wrongs
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Unconscious
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Thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of preconscious
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Defense Mechanisms
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Unconscious reaction to protect one from unpleasant emotions
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Displacement
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Diverting feeling from original source to substitute target
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Projection
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Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
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Rationalization
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Making false but rational excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
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Reaction Formation
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Behaving in a way thats exactly the opposite of one's true feelings
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Regression
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Reversion to immature behaviors
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Repression
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Keeping distressing thoughts in the unconscious
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Sublimation
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Channeling unacceptable unconscious impulses into ones accepted by society
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Acute Stressors
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Threatening events to one's well-being that last a short period of time with a clear endpoint
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Catastrophic Thinking
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Tendency to become highly self-critical when under stress
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Chronic Stressors
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Threatening, long-term stressors with no apparent end
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Frustration
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Pursuit of a goal is interrupted
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Model of body's stress response; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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Life Changes
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Life alterations that require readjustment
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Pressure
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Expectation to behave a certain way
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Stress
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Circumstances that threaten one's well-being and ability to cope
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Type A Personality
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Competitive, impatient, angry, and hostile
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Type B Personality
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Relaxed, patient, and easygoing
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
