Study Guide for Microbiology
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What is microbiology?
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study of life too small to be seen by unaided eye (microbial world)
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How did people figure out that there were microbes?
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Development of the microscope.
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Define Domain
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The highest level in biological classification. There are 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, & Eukarya.
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Define Eukaryote
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Organism composed of 1 or more eukaryotic cells; members of the domain Eukarya & eukaryotes.
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Define Eukaryotic Cell
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Cell type characterized by a membrane-bound nucleus
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Define Prion
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An acellular infectious agent consisting only of protein.
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Define prokaryote
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single-celled organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell; members of the domains Bacteria & Archaea are prokaryotes.
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Define prokaryotic cell
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Cell type characterized by the lack of membrane-bound nucleus.
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Define Viroid
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An acellular infectious agent consisting only of RNA
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Define Virus
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An acellular infectious agent consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
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Define Spontaneous Generation
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Life arose from non-living matter
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In 1749, John Needham produced results that ____ spontaneous generation when he showed that broths that had been boiled & then sealed with a cork ____.
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support; could still give rise to microorganisms.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment of 1776 showed that flasks of broths that had been boiled for long periods of time & sealed tight ____.
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remained free of microorganisms.
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Francesco Redi first disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by showing that ___.
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worms only appear on decaying meat has been exposed to flies.
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Tyndall & Cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed of a heat-resistant form of bacteria called a(n)
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endospore
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The Golden Age of Microbiology is the period in which...
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many disease-causing microorganisms were discovered.
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The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the ___ Theory.
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Germ
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The property of endospores that led to confusion in the experiments on spontaneous generation is their ___.
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heat resistance
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If all prokaryotes were eliminated from the planet,
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all animals would die
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All of the following are emerging infectious disease except...
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smallpox
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All of the following are biological domains except...
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Prokaryota
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Which name is written correctly?
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
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Members of which pairing are most similar in appearance to each other?
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Archaea & Bacteria
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Viruses...
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contain both protein and nucleic acid
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek could not have observed...
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viruses
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The Scientific Method
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Scientific Method includes (1) observing occurrence & asking a question about that situation; (2) developing a hypothesis that explains the occurrence & devising an experiment that tests the hypothesis; (3) doing the experiment, collecting the data, & drawing conclusions; & (4) communicating the results, methods, & conclusions.
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What is a scientific theory?
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An explanation supported by a vast body of experimental evidence.
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Define Biogenesis
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The production of living things, as opposed to spontaneous generation.
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Early Experiments
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The experiments of John Needham supported the idea of spontaneous generation, while those of Lazzaro Spallanzani did not.
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Experiments of Pasteur
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Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation & supported what is now known as the theory of biogenesis.
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Experiments of Tyndall
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John Tyndall showed that some microbial forms are not killed by boiling. He & Ferdinand Cohn discovered endospores, the heat-resistant forms of some bacteria.
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Commercial Benefits of Microorganisms
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Microorganisms are used in the production of bread, wine, beer, & cheeses. They are also used to degrade toxic pollutants and to synthesize a variety of different useful products. Biotechnology depends on members of the microbial world.
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Define Biotechnology
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The use of microbiological & biochemical techniques to solve practical problems & produce valuable products.
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Microbes as Research Tools
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Microorganisms are wonderful model organisms to study because they have the same fundamental metabolic & genetic properties as higher life-forms, & they grow rapidly on simple, inexpensive growth media.
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Define Bacteria
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Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes that have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
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Define Coccus
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sphere-shaped bacterial cell.
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Define Rods
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Cylinder-shaped bacterium; also called a bacillus
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Define vibrio
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short, curved, rod-shaped bacterial cell
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Define spirillum
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curved rod-shaped bacterial cell that is long enough to form spirals
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Define Spirochetes
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Long, helical bacteria that have flexible cell wall & endoflagella
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Define Archaea
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single-celled prokaryotes
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Define Fungi
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single-celled yeasts & multicellular molds & mushrooms; they use organic compounds as food
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Define Algae
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single-celled or multicellular, & use sunlight as an energy source
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Define Protozoa
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typically motile single-celled organisms that use organic compounds as food.
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Define Capsule
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a distinct, thick gelatinous material that surrounds some microorganisms
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Define chemotaxis
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movement of a cell toward or away from a certain chemical in the environment
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Define Cytoplasmic Membrane
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A phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins that surrounds the cytoplasm & defines the boundary of the cell
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Define Endospore
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An extraordinary resistant dormant cell produced by some types of bacteria
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Define Flagellum
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A type of structure used for cell movement
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Define Gram-Negative Bacteria
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Bacteria that have a cell wall characterized by a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane; when Gram stained, these cells are pink
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Define Gram-Positive Bacteria
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Bacteria that have a cell wall characterized by a thick layer of peptidoglycan; when Gram stained, these cells are purple
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Define Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
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Molecule that makes up the outer layer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
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Define Peptidoglycan
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a macromolecule that provides strength to the cell wall; it is found only in bacteria
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Periplasm
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the gel-like material that fills the region between the cytoplasmic membrane & the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria & the cytoplasmic membrane & peptidoglycan layer of at least some Gram-positive bacteria
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Define Pili
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cell surface structures that allow cells to adhere to certain material; some types are involved in a mechanism of DNA transfer
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Define Plasmid
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Extrachromosomal DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
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Define ribosome
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structure involved in protein synthesis
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Transport systems
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Mechanisms cells use to transport nutrients and other small molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane
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Which bacterial cell component provides the best barrier for preventing most molecules from passing through it?
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Cytoplasmic membrane
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Endotoxin is associated with...
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Gram-negative bacteria
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The "O157" in the name E. coli O157:H7 refers to the type of O antigen. From this information you know that E. coli
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Is Gram-negative
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Eliminating which structure is always deadly to cells?
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Cytoplasmic membrane
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If you interfered with the ability of a Bacillus species to form endospores, what would be the result? The bacterium would no longer be...
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able to withstand boiling water
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If a virus mimics a ligand that normally participates in receptor-mediated endocytosis, the virus might..
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be take up by the cell
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The antibiotic erythromycin prevents protein synthesis in bacterial cells. Based on this information, which of the following might be targeted by the drug?
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The antibiotic erythromycin prevents protein synthesis in bacterial cells. Based on this information, which of the following might be targeted by the drug? 2. 70s ribosomes, 4. 50s ribosomal subunit
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2, 4
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If a eukaryotic cell were treated with a chemical that destroys tubulin, all of the following would be directly affected except
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actin
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Which of the following is most likely to be used in atypical microbiology laboratory?
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Bright-field microscope
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When a medical technologist wants to determine if a clinical specimen contains a Myobacterium species, which should be used?
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Acid-fast stain
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Define Biofilm
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Polymer-encased community of microorganisms
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Define Chemically Defined Medium
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A culture medium of exact chemical composition; generally used only for specific experiments when nutrients must be precisely controlled
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Define Complex Medium
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A culture medium that contains protein digests, extracts, or other ingredients that vary in their chemical composition
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Define Differential Medium
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A culture medium with an ingredient that certain microorganisms change in a recognizable way; used to differentiate microbes based on their metabolic traits
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Define Exponential (Log) Phase
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Stage in the growth curve during which cells divide at a constant rate; generation time is measured during this period of active.
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