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Types:
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Tablets, Capsules, Lozenges, Pastilles, Powders, Granules
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Advantages:
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Convenient, stable, accurate dosing, taste masking, potential for controlled release
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Disadvantages:
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Difficult to swallow, unsuitable for liquid drugs
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Pre-compression:
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Used when moisture/heat-sensitive; uses slugs or roller compaction
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Direct Compression:
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Simple and cost-effective; uses flowable drug/diluent mix (e.g. Avicel, Zeparox)
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Company policy, market research, competitor products
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Equipment, production costs, unit dose, dissolution rate, drug stability
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Official tests (BP/EP)
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For all tablets:
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Uniformity of content
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Uncoated tablets:
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Weight uniformity, disintegration, dissolution
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Unofficial tests
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Hardness, friability
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Definition:
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Solid mass compacted using a tablet machine: typically 50-500mg
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Properties:
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Strong, Bioavailable, stable, elegant, uniform in weight and content
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Types:
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Standard, Soluble/Dispersible, Effervescent, Chewable, Buccal, Sublingual, Enteric-coated, Controlled release
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Purposes:
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Protect drug, taste/appearance, ID, stability, controlled release
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Types:
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Sugar coating:
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Multistage, increases weight, glossy finish
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Film coating:
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Popular, automated, controlled release capable, minimal weight gain
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Press coating:
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Rare, separates incompatible ingredients
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Disintegration:
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6 tubes in 37°C bath; usually ≤15 minutes
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Dissolution:
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Basket/paddle/cell method; ≥70–75% drug released in 45 mins
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Hardness (Crushing):
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Measured force to break tablet
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Friability:
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Weight loss after 100 rotations (≤1% allowed)
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Mixing with Diluents:
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Lactose, cellulose, calcium salts, starches, sugars
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Blending with Binder:
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Water, methylcellulose, starch paste, gelatin, etc.
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Screening:
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Mesh size affects granule size
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Drying:
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Tray/fluid bed dryer; granules re-screened post-drying
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Additives:
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Lubricants:
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Stearates, PEGs, sodium benzoate
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Glidants:
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Talc, fumed silica
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Disintergrants:
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Starch, alginic acid, cellulose
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Hard capsules:
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Filled with powders, granules, tablets, pastes
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Must not react with gelatin or leak
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Softgels:
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Filled, formed, sealed in one go using rotary die machine
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Fill is sealed between two gelatin ribbons
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Lozenges:
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Local effect; slow dissolve in mouth, no disintegrant
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Chewables:
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Rapid breakdown in mouth, no disintegrant
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Dispersible/Soluble Tablets:
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Dissolve/disperse in water; water-compatible disintegrant required
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Effervescent Tablets:
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Rapid disintegration via fizz; no standard lubricants
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Sublingual/Buccal Tablets:
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Dissolve in mouth for fast absorption; no disintegration needed
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Stages:
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Lower punch creates cavity → powder fills → upper punch compresses → tablet ejected
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Machines:
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Single stroke press:
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Small-scale
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Rotary press:
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Large-scale, 10,000+ tablets/min
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Issues:
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Picking, sticking, capping, lamination, weight variation, mottling
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Enteric Coating:
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pH-dependent solubility; protects from stomach acid
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Controlled release:
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Diffusion-controlled, Erosion-based, Osmotic systems
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Shell:
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Gelatin (Type A – acid hydrolysis; Type B – base hydrolysis)
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Types:
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Hard capsules:
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Two-piece, filled with dry/semi-solid materials
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Soft capsules (softgels):
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One-piece, filled with non-aqueous liquids
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