|
Cell Cycle
|
How eukaryotic cells divide asexually
|
|
Binary Fission
|
How prokaryotic cells divide asexually
|
|
Spore Formation
|
Parent cell produces spores that grow and develop under favourable conditions (i.e. yeast)
|
|
DNA Replication
|
DNA replicates, unwinds with the help of an enzyme, then attaches to a new base
|
|
DNA Location
|
Nucleus; in the form of chromatin
|
|
Nucleotide Pattern
|
AxT, CxG
|
|
Stages of Cell Cycle
|
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
|
|
Asexual Reproduction Disadvantages
|
Negative mutations/bad conditions can wipe out colonies; offspring can compete for food/space
|
|
Asexual Reproduction Advantages
|
Lots of offspring, quickly; Colonies can form quickly and compete with others; No energy to find a mate
|
|
Sexual Reproduction Advantages
|
Genetic variety; ext. means little energy used to find a mate; Intrnl. means protection given to embryo/zygote
|
|
Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages
|
Intrnl.= more energy to find a mate; Intrnl.=less offspring; ext.= gametes/embryos/zygotes aren't protected
|
|
Gametes
|
Use meiosis to reproduce; have 23 chromosomes; are sex cells
|
|
Morula
|
Embryo at the end of week 1; a ball of cells
|
|
Blastula
|
embryo at the end of week 2; hollow ball of cells; these cells turn into gastrula later
|
|
Gastrula
|
3 layers of cells: ectoderm (skin/nerves), mesoderm (muscle/bones), endoderm (lungs/liver/digestive system lining)
|
|
Differentiation
|
Formation of organs and tissues from the cell layers of gastrula
|
|
Meiosis
|
How gametes reproduce; makes 4 cells
|
|
Embryo
|
The stage of a multi-cellular organism that develops from a zygote
|
|
Embryonic Development
|
The early development of an organism
|
|
Homologous Chromosomes
|
A pair of matching chromosomes (eye color, skin colour, etc.)
|
|
Fertilization
|
When an egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell and the haploid genetic information of both male and female gametes combines
|
|
Angiosperms
|
Flowering plants that have seeds protected by an ovary or fruit
|
|
Gymnosperms
|
A plant with seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit (i.e. conifers)
|
|
Crossing Over
|
Chromatids of chromosomes pairs cross over and exchange DNA segments, producing genetic variation (during prophase I)
|
|
Independent Assortment
|
Homologous pairs separate independently, creating different combinations of chromosomes in the daughter cells (during Metaphase I)
|
|
Gene Mutation
|
Substitution, deletion, addition; mutagens or viruses can cause them
|
|
Genetic Disorders
|
A disease caused by failed separation of chromosomes in Meiosis
|
|
Karyotype
|
How geneticists view someone's chromosomes
|
|
Meiosis I
|
Homologous chromosomes are involved
|
|
Prophase I
|
Spindle fibres form, pushing centrioles apart; nuclear membrane/nucleus dissolves; homologous chromosomes pair; crossing over occurs
|
|
Metaphase I
|
Spindle fibres guide chromosomes to the equator of the cell; homologous pairs line up on 2 sides of the equator
|
|
Anaphase I
|
Homologous pairs separate to opposite poles of the cell
|
|
Telophase I
|
2 nuclei/nuclear membrane forms; spindle fibres disappear; one chromosome from each homologous pair is at each pole of the cell
|
|
Meiosis II
|
2 cells separate again, resulting in 4 cells
|
|
Prophase II
|
Spindle fibres form; nuclear membrane/nucleus dissolves; There is 1 homologous pair in the cell (2 chromosomes in total)
|
|
Metaphase II
|
X-shaped chromosomes form 1 line at the equator of the cell
|
|
Anaphase II
|
Sister chromatids move to opposite poles of cell; sister chromatids are now considered a chromosome
|
|
Telophase II
|
Spindle fibres disappear; nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes
|
No comments yet.
Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
