Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 2
|
Basic unit of life
|
|
Cell metabolism and energy release
|
|
Synthesis of molecules
|
|
Communication
|
|
Reproduction and inheritance
|
|
A cells characteristics are determined by the type of proteins it produces
|
|
Proteins' function is determined by genetics
|
|
Information in DNA provides the cell with a cade for its cellular processes
|
|
What is it?
|
Diffusion of water across a cell membrane
|
|
Osmotic Pressure
|
the force required to prevent movement of water across cell membrane
|
|
Hypotonic Solutions
|
Hypertonic Solutions
|
Isotonic Solutions
|
|
- lower concentration of solutes outside cell
|
higher concentration of solutes outside cell
|
Equal concentrations of solutes
|
|
Higher concentration of H2O outside cell
|
higher concentration of H2O inside cell
|
Water doesn't move
|
|
H2O moves into cell
|
H2O moves out
|
Cell remains intact
|
|
LYSIS (burst)
|
Crenation (shrinks)
|
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
|
- Location
|
Inside cell
|
|
- Characteristic
|
Jelly-like fluid
|
|
- Function
|
Give cell shape and hold organelles in place
|
|
Nucleus (not part of the cytoplasm)
|
|
|
- Location
|
Center of cell
|
|
- Characteristics
|
All cells contain nucleus at some point
|
|
- Function
|
Houses DNA
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
|
|
- Location: edge of nucleus
|
|
|
Nuclear Pores
|
|
|
- Location
|
Surface of nucleus
|
|
- Function
|
Where materials pass in and out of nucleus
|
|
Chromosome
|
|
|
- Location
|
Inside nucleus
|
|
- Characteristic
|
Made of DNA and proteins
|
|
- Function
|
Part of genetic makeup
|
|
Chromatin
|
|
|
- Location
|
Inside nucleus
|
|
- Characteristic
|
Loosely coiled chromosomes
|
|
Nucleolus
|
|
|
- Location
|
in nucleus
|
|
- Function
|
produce ribosomes that are then transported to the cytoplasm
|
|
Ribosome
|
|
|
- Location
|
attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or free-floating in cytoplasm
|
|
- Function
|
Produce proteins
|
|
RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
|
|
|
- Location
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
- Characteristic
|
Membranes with ribosomes attached
|
|
- Function
|
Site of protein synthesis
|
|
SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
|
|
|
- Location
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
- Characteristic
|
membranes with no ribosomes
|
|
- Function
|
Site of lipid synthesis
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
|
|
- Location
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
- Characteristic
|
Closely, packed stacks of membranes
|
|
- Function
|
Collect, sort, package, and distribute proteins and lipids
|
|
Secretory Vesicle
|
|
|
- Location
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
- Function
|
Distributes materials out of cell
|
|
Lysosome
|
|
|
- Location
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
- Function
|
Enzymes that digest foreign material
|
|
Mitochondria
|
|
|
- Location
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
- Characteristics
|
Contains folds (cristae)
|
|
- Function
|
Produces ATP
|
|
Plasma or cell membrane
|
|
Organelles
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
|
1. Separate the inside from the outside of the cell
|
|
2. Enable the immune system to recognize the cell as self or non-self --> marker glycoproteins or glycolipids
|
|
3. Attach cells together or to the extracellular matrix --> adhesion proteins
|
|
4. Receive signals from outside the cell and transmit the signals to inside the cell --> receptor proteins
|
|
5. Selectively transport substances from inside to outside the cell, or outside to inside the cell via transport mechanisms
|
|
- Cell membrane selectively determines what can pass in and out of the cell
|
- Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are found in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell
|
|
- Sodium, calcium, and chloride are found in higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell
|
- Nutrients must be able to enter the cell and waste products must be able to exit the cell
|
|
1. Directly through diffusion (passive):
|
O2 and CO2 (small molecules)
|
|
2. Facilitated diffusion (passive) through membrane channels:
|
- proteins that extend from one side of the cell membrane to other
- Size, shape and charge (+/-) determine what can go through - Ex. Na+ passes through Na+ channels |
|
3. Carrier molecules:
|
- bind to molecules, transport them across, and drop them off
|
|
4. Vesicles:
|
- Can transport a variety of materials
- Fuse with cell membrane |
|
What is it?
|
Process that brings materials into cell using vesicles
|
|
1. Phagocytosis
|
Cell eating (solid particles)
|
|
2. Pinocytosis
|
Cell drinking (liquid particles)
|
|
3. Receptor mediated endocytosis
|
|
|
What is is?
|
- Cells framework
- Made of proteins |
|
Functions
|
- Provide support
- Hold organelles in place - enable cell to change shape |
|
Types of Cytoskeleton
|
|
|
Microtubules
|
- Largest diamete
- Provide structural support - Form cilia and flagella |
|
Intermediate filaments
|
- Medium diameter
- maintain cell shape |
|
Microfilaments
|
- Smallest diameter
- Involved in cell movement |
|
- Formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell
|
|
- Uses mitosis and meiosis
|
|
- each cell (except sperm and egg) contains 46 chromosomes (diploid)
|
|
- Sperm and egg contain 23 chromosomes (haploid)
|
|
Mitosis
|
|
- Cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells
|
|
- Forms 2 daughter cells
|
|
1. Interphase: 46 chromosomes
|
|
2. Prophase: Chromosomes doubled to 92
|
|
3. Prometaphase: Nucleus dissolves and microtubules attach to centromeres
|
|
4. Metaphase: Chromosomes align at middle of cell
|
|
5. Anaphase: Separated chromosomes pulled apart
|
|
6. Telophase: Microtubules disappear cell division begins
|
|
7. Cytokinesis: Two daughter cells formed each with 46 chromosomes
|
|
Funtions:
|
- Selective barrier
-Encloses cytoplasm |
|
Extracellular
|
Material outside of cell
|
|
Intracellular
|
Material inside cell membrane
|
|
Fluid Mosaic Model
|
a 2D liquid in which phospoholipids and proteins diffuse easily
|
|
Made of phospholipids and proteins
|
phospholipids form a double layer or bilayer
|
|
Polar Region
|
- "heads"
- hydrophilic - exposed to H2O |
|
Nonpolar Regions
|
- "tails"
- hydrophobic - away from H2O |
|
What is it?
|
movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration
|
|
Solution
|
solid, liquid, or gas that contains one or more solutes
|
|
Solute
|
Substance added to solvent that dissolves
|
|
Solvent
|
Substance such as H2O that solute is being added to
|
|
Is energy required?
|
no
|
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
- diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
- requires no ATP - passive transport |
|
Active transport
|
- moves substance from low to high concentration
- required ATP Ex. Sodium-potassium pump |
|
Cotransport
|
- a diffusing substance moves in same direction as a transported substance
|
|
Counterporter protein
|
- a diffusing substance moves in direction opposite to that of transported substance
|
|
Centriole
|
- Composed of 9 microtubules
|
|
Centrosome
|
- 2 centrioles oriented perpendicular to one another. Plays a role in mitosis
|
|
Flagella
|
|
|
- Location
|
Cell surface
|
|
- Characteristic
|
1 per cell
|
|
- Function
|
move cell, Eg. Sperm
|
|
Cilia
|
|
|
- Location
|
Cell Surface
|
|
- Characteristic
|
Many per cell
|
|
- Function
|
Move materials across cell's surface
|
|
Microvilli
|
|
|
- Location
|
Cell Surface
|
|
- Characteristic
|
Shorter than cilia
|
|
- Function
|
Increase surface area
|
|
Double helix
|
|
|
Deoxyribose-phosphate backbone
|
|
|
Nucleotide base pairs
|
|
|
Backbone = sugar (ribose-phosphate)
|
|
|
Gene Expression
|
|
|
- information in DNA directs protein synthesis
|
|
|
- nucleotide sequence of a gene determines amino acid sequence of specific protein
|
|
|
- Enzymes regulate chemical reactions
|
|
|
- Uses transcription and translation
|
|
Central Dogma
|
DNA - transcribe - RNA - translate - Protein
|
|
Transcription
|
|
|
- Process by which DNA is read
|
- Occurs in the nucleus
|
|
- Produces mRNA
|
- mRNA contains codons
|
|
- Codons: set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a particular amino acid
|
|
|
Translation
|
|
|
- Process by mRNA is converted into amino acids (polypeptides)
|
- Produces proteins
|
|
- Codons pair with anticodons
|
|
|
- anticodons: 3 nucleotide bases carried by tRNA
|
|
No comments yet.
Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
