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Personal beliefs regardiing what is right and wrong
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Behaviour that conforms to generally accespted social norms
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The law
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Virtues and vices
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Belief systems
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Integrity
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Position that conduct consequences form the basis for judgement of appropriateness
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"Do the ends justify the means?"
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Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (or omission from acting) is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence.
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Some argue that consequentialist and deontological theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive
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Decision maker must recognise ethical nature of problem or ethical decision making can not come into play
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Research shows ethical issues stimulate a different part of brain to neutral
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People more likely to be ethically aware if
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1
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believe peers will see as ethical problem (people look to social environment for cues)
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2
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Ethical lanuage used to present problem (framing the problem can influence response, also use of euphamistic language)
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3
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There is potential for serious harm (morally intense)
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Barriers to Fact Gathering
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Overconfidence
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“Confirmation Trap”
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Barriers to Consideration of Consequences
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Tend to reduce number of consequences considered to simplify decision making
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Consider own consequences more than those of others, perhaps due to immediacy
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May ignore consequences which affect only a few people. Put self in their shoes.
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May underestimate risk due to illusion of optimism, illusion of control
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Escalation of commitment over time. Somethings get bigger as time goes on and people have a tendancy to continue due to the time already put in
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Barrier to Integrity
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People are likely to think positively about their own Ethics. Known as Illusion of superiority or illusion of morality
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Barriers to Gut Feel
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Be careful trusting your gut because it may be wrong
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Unconsious attitudes likely bias our decision making
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Non-rational emotions
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Choices about what the laws should be and whether to follow them
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Choices about economic and social issues outside the domain of law
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Choices about the priority of self interest over the company’s interests
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Consequentialist theories
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Focus on consequences
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Deontological theories
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Focus on duties, obligations, principles
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Virtue Ethics
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Focus on integrity
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1. Gather the facts
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2. Define the ethical issue/s
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3. Identify affected people - stakeholders
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4. Identify the consequences
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5. Identify the obligations, and the reason for each one
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6. Consider your character and integrity
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7. Think creatively about solutions
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8. Check your intuition/gut feel
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Individuals
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Employees
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Managers
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Executives
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Industries
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Society
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Normative
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Concerned with the action taken, not the consequences
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Position that the most moral decision is based on rules, duties and obligations
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AKA Duty, Obligation or Rule based ethics
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Normative
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Founded by plato and Arisotle
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Considers actors character, motivation, intentions and principles and the type of character one ought-to be in determining the most moral solution
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Focuses more on the integrity of the moral actor than on the moral act itself
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Goal is to be a good person simply because that is the person you wish to be
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Indiv differences affect ethical judgement and actions
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Differences:
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Ethical Decision-Making Style
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Frameworks. Preferences 1) Idealism, the persons concern for welfare of others or 2) relativism persons emphasis on ethical principles being case by case
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Cognitive Moral Development
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Preconventional, Conventional, Post Conventional / principled. See Kohlbergs 6 stages of moral development
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Locus of Control
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Internal or external perception of control over life events. Taking responsibility for ones own behaviour
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Machiavellianism
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Self interested behaviour
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Moral Disengagement
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Idea that normal people don't partake in bad behaviour unless they have convinced self they are doing the right thing. Judgement of a MD person can not be relied upon
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Script Processing
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Cognitive frameworks that guide our thoughts and actions
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Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Too simplistic a way of analyzing
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No moral dimension
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Cheatography n. The art of mapping complex subjects into clear, instantly navigable reference guides.
