Hofstedes cultural dimensions
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Power distance index
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Acceptance and expectation power distributed unequally.
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Individualism vs collectivism
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Degree to which individuals are integrated into groups
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Uncertainty avoidance index
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Tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity
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Masculinity vs femininity
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Masculine = competitiveness, assertiveness, materialism, ambition and power. Feminine = relationships and quality of life.
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Long / short term orientation
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Societies' time horizon. Long term = pragmatic, short term = past and present.
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Indulgence versus restraint
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Attempt to control desires and impulses
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Masculine culture
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Values competitiveness, assertiveness, materialism, ambition and power. Difference in gender roles are more dramatic.
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Feminine
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Value relationships and quality of life
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Collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one group from another via values, rituals, modelling against heros and through understanding symbols
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Short term
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Prefers immediate rewards. Horizon focus is relatively close
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Long Term
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Can put in effort now to wait for rewards to come later.
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Framework for cross-cultural communication. Major resource in cross-cultural fields
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Developed in response to a world-wide survey of employee values by IBM in 60s & 70s
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Originally 4 dimensions: individualism-collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance and masculinity-femininity
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5th added (long term orientation) because of independant research from HK
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6th added in 2010 = indulgence versus self-restraint, as a result of co-author Michael Minkov's analysis of data from the World Values Survey.
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Individualism
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Stress is put on personal achievements and individual rights. Focus on immediate family.
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Collectivism
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Individuals act predominantly as members of a lifelong and cohesive group or organization. Focus on extended family.
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Australia
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Individual
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Italy
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Collective
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Japan
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Collective
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Indulgence
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No control of desires and impluses
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Restraint
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Control of desires and impulses
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High power distance
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Heiarchial, high dependance on boss
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Low power distance
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Horizontal, high independance from boss
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Australia
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Low. Hierarchy established for convenience, superiors accessible and managers rely on employees and teams for their expertise.
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Asia
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High: lower level employees defer to higher level employees
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Europe
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Power distance tends to be lower in northern countries and higher in southern and eastern parts
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America
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Low
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Averages do not = individuals of country. Hofstede assumes homogeneity.
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Relevancy: questionnaire, biases, context of questions
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National divisions: Cultures are not bound by borders
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Political influence: context of timing (Cold war in Europe, Communism in Asia etc)
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One company approach: IBM only, cannot provide valid data for entire culture. What about small business, what about farm hands
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Out dated: 1980, too old to be of value
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