Reproduction be very cool. Grade 2 science test cheatsheet
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Interphase
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Mitosis
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Cytokinesis
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Cell grows and develops & does normal functions, longest cell cycle phase, late interphase DNA replication occurs
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Prophase: Nucleolus disappears, spindle fibres form & attach to centromeres
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Cell divides into 2 daughter cells
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Dna molecule unwinds with help of enzyme, bases pair up= 2 genetically id DNA molecs.
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Metaphase: Spindle fibres lineup at equator of cell
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For both binary and cell cycle
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Mitosis: Anaphase: Spindle fibres pull sis. chromatids to opp. poles
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Telophase: Nuclear membrane reappears around sis chromatids
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Meiosis 1
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Meiosis 2
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Prophase 1: Nucleolus dissolves, Nucleolus dissolves, spindle fibres form, homologous chromosomes pair, spindle fibres attach to centromeres, DNA condenses to chromosomes. Pro 2= same no homo
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Metaphase: Spindle fibres push chromosomes to equator (middle) on 2 sides of equator
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same no homo
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Anaphase: Homo chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell (spindle fibres pull)
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Sister chromatids separate
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Telophase: spindle fibres disappear, nuclear membrane comes back, two nuclei form, after telo cell divides at cleavage furrow, 2 cells
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Same, cell later divides after, 4 cells
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Cell splits to two daughter cells with id DNA
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Some bacteria reproduce through binary fission cause they don't have a nucleus
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Mutation may occur during dna rep. or when chromosomes don't move to 2 dtr. cells
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male rep. org: stamen
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female rep. org: pistil
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releases m. gamete
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gamete carried to stigma
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anther: pollen stored&produced
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Stigma: sticky&captures male gamete
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Pollen grains contain male gamete
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style: where the pollen tube is
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filament supports anther
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ovary: contains ovules
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Ovules: surround female gamete
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Mating: When sperm & egg meet
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Fertilization: When gametes fuse to form zygote
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Development: When organism develops into embryo
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Embryo: is unborn/unhatched offspring in development process
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Fertilization: sperm breaks into egg cell and penetrates the cell membrane, then fusses with egg nucleus making zygote
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Internal fertilization gametes join outside of parents.
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External is when gametes join inside parents, embryo inside mom
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Internal:
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External:
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Embryo is protected
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Not protected
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More energy
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little energy
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Produces less
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Produces more
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More competition for food
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Less competition
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More likely to survive
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Many are not fertilized
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Zygote eventually turns into embryo, which eventually makes a complete individual
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Morula>Blastula>Gastrula
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Morula= End of week 1 (ball of cells) Blastula= End of week 2 (hollow ball of cells, cells can develop into any type of cell) Gastrula= 3 distinct layers of cells (Ectoderm= skin & nerves, Mesoderm= Muscles & bones, Endoderm= lungs, liver, and digestive system lining)
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Rep. Purpose: Produce a offspring, continue species
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Cell Theory: "New cells are formed through the division of existing cells."
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Every species has different method of rep.
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Asex. rep.
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sex. rep.
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Asex. 0->0 0 (parent is now daughter cell)
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Sex. 0+0= 0 (Zygote) (parents usually stay alive)
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1 Parent
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2 parents/ Gametes= sperm, egg
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All parent DNA
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Offspring genetically different/ Half Dad DNA, Half Mom DNA
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Genetically Identical
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Genetic diversity= better immunity
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Clones are natural, but can also be artificial
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DNA is made of many nucleoids liked together
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4 types of nucleoids: Adenine-Thymine,Cytosine-Guanine
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DNA coil into condensed form: chromatin
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More condensed to chromosome, when the cell is ready to reproduce
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DNA looks like long spiral ladder called double helix
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Sides of ladder are made up of sugar & phosphate
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